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Survival of Salmonella Under Heat Stress is Associated with the Presence/Absence of CRISPR Cas Genes and Iron Levels

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Abstract

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) cas genes have been linked to stress response in Salmonella. Our aim was to identify the presence of CRISPR cas in Salmonella and its response to heat in the presence of iron. Whole genomes of Salmonella (n = 50) of seven serovars were compared to identify the presence of CRISPR cas genes, direct-repeats and spacers. All Salmonella genomes had all cas genes present except S. Newport 2393 which lacked these genes. Gene-specific primers were used to confirm the absence of these genes in S. Newport 2393. The presence/absence of CRISPR cas genes was further investigated among 469 S. Newport genomes from PATRIC with 283 genomes selected for pan-genome analysis. The response of eleven Salmonella strains of various serovars to gradual heat in ferrous and ferric forms of iron was investigated. A total of 32/283 S. Newport genomes that lacked all CRISPR cas genes clustered together. S. Newport 2393 was the most heat-sensitive strain at higher iron levels (200 and 220 pm) in ferrous and ferric forms of iron. The absence of CRISPR cas genes in S. Newport 2393 may contribute to its increase in heat sensitivity and iron may play a role in this. The high reduction in numbers of most Salmonella strains exposed to heat makes it unfeasible to extract RNA and conduct transcription studies. Further studies should be conducted to validate the survival of Salmonella when exposed to heat in the presence/absence of CRISPR cas genes and different iron levels.

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Data Availability

The whole-genome shotgun project sequences of Salmonella strains isolated from red meat have been deposited at the PATRIC database and DDBJ/ENA/GenBank under the accession numbers listed in Supplementary Table S1. All publicly available whole-genome sequence of S. Newport genomes were obtained from the PATRIC database under the accession numbers listed in Supplementary Table S2.

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Acknowledgements

This study was funded by the Australian Meat Processors Corporation (AMPC).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia

    Amreeta Sarjit & Joshua T. Ravensdale

  2. School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia

    Ranil Coorey

  3. CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

    Amreeta Sarjit & Narelle Fegan

  4. Graduate Research School, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia

    Gary A. Dykes

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AS carried out the experiments, analysed the data and drafted the manuscript. JTR, RC and NF reviewed and revised the manuscript for intellectual content. GAD contributed to the conception and design of the study, reviewed and revised the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Gary A. Dykes.

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Sarjit, A., Ravensdale, J.T., Coorey, R. et al. Survival of Salmonella Under Heat Stress is Associated with the Presence/Absence of CRISPR Cas Genes and Iron Levels. Curr Microbiol 78, 1741–1751 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-021-02443-7

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