Abstract
Environmental pollutant exposures are major risk factors for adverse health outcomes, with increased morbidity and mortality in humans. Diesel exhaust (DE) is one of the major harmful components of traffic-related air pollution. Exposure to DE affects several physiological systems, including the airways, and pulmonary diseases are increased in highly populated urban areas. Hence, there are urgent needs to (1) create newer and lesser polluting fuels, (2) improve exhaust aftertreatments and reduce emissions, and (3) understand mechanisms of actions for toxic effects of both conventional and cleaner diesel fuels on the lungs. These steps could aid the development of diagnostics and interventions to prevent the negative impact of traffic-related air pollution on the pulmonary system. Exhaust from conventional, and to a lesser extent, clean fuels, contains particulate matter (PM) and more than 400 additional chemical constituents. The major toxic constituents are nitrogen oxides (NOx) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PM and PAHs could potentially act via transient receptor potential (TRP) channels. In this review, we will first discuss the associations between DE from conventional as well as clean fuel technologies and acute and chronic airway inflammation. We will then review possible activation and/or potentiation of TRP vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) and ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channels by PM and PAHs. Finally, we will discuss and summarize recent findings on the mechanisms whereby TRPs could control the link between DE and airway inflammation, which is a primary determinant leading to pulmonary disease.
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Acknowledgments
Funding for this research was supported by grants AI101325 from NIH/NIAID (A.N.A.), The Advisory Committee for Research, Southwest Research Institute (E.R.F.), and grant no. 3T42OH008421 from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), to the Southwest Center for Occupational and Environmental Health (SWCOEH), a NIOSH Education and Research Center (E.G.B.). We gratefully acknowledge Dr. Satoshi Inomata and Dr. Akihiro Fushimi for providing data on the compositional analysis of diesel exhaust particles (Table 1).
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This article is a contribution to the Special Issue on the Role of TRP Ion Channels in Physiology and Pathology—Guest Editor: Armen Akopian
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Akopian, A.N., Fanick, E.R. & Brooks, E.G. TRP channels and traffic-related environmental pollution-induced pulmonary disease. Semin Immunopathol 38, 331–338 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00281-016-0554-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00281-016-0554-4