Abstract
Purpose
Triptolide induces cancer cell apoptosis by inhibiting RNA synthesis and signaling pathways like NF-κB. We compared triptolide prodrug MRx102 to triptolide to determine whether it displayed comparable efficacy and improved toxicology and toxicokinetic profiles.
Methods
MV4-11 AML cells and cells from AML patients were analyzed for MRx102- and triptolide-induced cytotoxicity/apoptosis. MRx102 and triptolide were compared in toxicology/toxicokinetics studies in rat and dog using a new emulsion formulation.
Results
MRx102 induced cytotoxicity in MV4-11 cells (IC50 = 15.2 nM, 7.29 nM for triptolide) and apoptosis in cells from AML patients (EC50 = 40.6 nM and 2.13 nM for triptolide). MRx102 and triptolide induced apoptosis in CD34+CD38− AML stem/progenitor cells with a similar difference in activity (EC50, MRx102 = 40.8 nM, triptolide = 2.14 nM). In a rat toxicology comparison using a new intravenous emulsion formulation, the MRx102 MTD was 4.5 mg/kg for males and 3 mg/kg for females; the triptolide MTD was 0.63 mg/kg for males and 0.317 mg/kg for females. The MRx102 NOAEL was 1.5–3.0 mg/kg, and the triptolide NOAEL was 0.05–0.15 mg/kg. Mean plasma concentrations for both MRx102 and triptolide decreased rapidly from a high C max following i.v. injection. Plasma triptolide levels stabilized at a consistent level through 2 h after MRx102 injection. Triptolide T 1/2,e values for MRx102-injected rats (~0.85 to ~3.7 h) were markedly greater than triptolide-injected rats (~0.15 to ~0.39 h), indicating more extended triptolide exposure with MRx102. MRx102 dog toxicology and toxicokinetics results are presented.
Conclusions
MRx102 was 20- to 60-fold safer than triptolide comparing rat NOAELs. This may be due to the improved toxicokinetic profile of MRx102 compared to triptolide using the emulsion formulation, with no high C max and more consistent early exposure to triptolide.
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Acknowledgments
This work was supported in part by grants from the National Institutes of Health (P01 CA055164 and MD Anderson’s Cancer Center Support Grant CA016672) and by the Paul and Mary Haas Chair in Genetics to MA and NCI SBIR Contract HHSN261200900061C to MyeloRx LLC with J.M.F as the Principal Investigator. The efforts of Jill Fogelman and Steven Sloneker in the toxicology and toxicokinetics studies at Calvert Laboratories, Inc., and of Steve Noonan and Henry Lopez in the studies with triptolide and MRx102 at Murigenics, Inc., are acknowledged.
Conflict of interest
J.M.F. and J.A. are employees of MyeloRx LLC. The other authors have no conflict of interest.
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Fidler, J.M., An, J., Carter, B.Z. et al. Preclinical antileukemic activity, toxicology, toxicokinetics and formulation development of triptolide derivative MRx102. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 73, 961–974 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00280-014-2428-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00280-014-2428-6