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Warum nachhaltige therapeutische Veränderungen im Gehirn Zeit brauchen

Why long-lasting therapeutic changes in the brain need time

  • Schwerpunkt: Langzeitpsychotherapie - Originalien
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Zusammenfassung

Erfolgreiche Psychotherapien erfordern strukturelle und funktionale Änderungen in limbischen Zentren des Gehirns. Diese sind allerdings in Art, Wirkungsweise und Dynamik verschieden. Ein Hauptfaktor ist die „therapeutische Allianz“, d. h. das Vertrauensverhältnis zwischen Patient und Therapeut, das über die Ausschüttung des „Bindungshormons“ Oxytozin die Stresshormone senkt sowie die Produktion von Serotonin und hirneigenen Opioiden erhöht. Dadurch erfolgt meist eine schnelle Besserung der Befindlichkeit des Patienten. Allerdings ergeben sich hierbei nicht die nachhaltigen Veränderungen, die bei schwereren psychischen Erkrankungen notwendig sind. Diese finden erst statt, wenn dysfunktionale Gewohnheiten des Fühlens, Denkens und Handelns, die vorwiegend in den Basalganglien (Striatopallidum, Nucleus accumbens) und der Amygdala verankert sind, eine Reorganisation erfahren. Es handelt sich dabei vornehmlich nicht um einen explizit-kognitiven, sondern einen implizit-prozeduralen Lernvorgang, der nach ausgedehnter Ressourcensuche viel Zeit und geduldiges Einüben neuer emotionaler Einstellungen und Handlungen benötigt. Bei dieser Reorganisation spielt offenbar die durch Oxytozin und Neurotrophine wie „brain-derived neurotrophic factor“ (BDNF) ausgelöste Neubildung von Nervenzellen in den Basalganglien und im Hippocampus eine wichtige Rolle. All dies spricht für die Notwendigkeit von Langzeittherapie bei schweren psychischen Erkrankungen.

Abstract

Successful psychotherapy requires structural and functional changes in limbic brain centers; however, these differ in manner, effectiveness and dynamics. One primary factor is the therapeutic alliance, i. e. the mutual trust between patient and therapist. This factor reduces the level of stress hormones via release of the “bonding hormone” oxytocin and increases the production of serotonin and endogenous opioids. As a consequence, a rapid improvement of the mental emotional state of the patient often occurs; however, this is not accompanied by the deeper and longer lasting neuronal changes necessary to treat severe mental illnesses. This occurs only when dysfunctional habits of feeling, thinking and acting residing primarily in the basal ganglia (striatopallidum and nucleus accumbens) and amygdala are reorganized. Rather than being an explicit cognitive process this represents an implicit procedural process, which after an extensive search for resources requires a sufficient length of time and frequent rehearsal of more adaptive emotional attitudes and patterns of behavior. Apparently, this is promoted by the generation of new nerve cells from neural stem cells induced by oxytocin and neurotrophins, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), taking place in the hippocampus and the basal ganglia. All these facts are in favor of a long-term psychotherapy at least in cases of severe mental diseases.

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Correspondence to Gerhard Roth.

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G. Roth gibt an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

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S. Taubner, Heidelberg

C. Benecke, Kassel

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Roth, G. Warum nachhaltige therapeutische Veränderungen im Gehirn Zeit brauchen. Psychotherapeut 61, 455–461 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00278-016-0142-z

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