Zusammenfassung
Eine—je nach Definition und Stichprobe—unterschiedlich große Minderheit von Frauen mit Essstörungen gibt an, Opfer von sexuellem Missbrauch und/oder körperlicher Misshandlung zu sein. Diese Belastungen sind allgemeine Risikofaktoren für psychiatrische Erkrankungen und nicht speziell für Essstörungen. Dagegen scheinen hohe elterliche Erwartungen und prämorbide negative Selbstbeurteilung spezifische Risikofaktoren für Magersucht und Bulimia nervosa zu sein. Vermutlich hatten Patientinnen mit Bulimia nervosa eine eher belastetere Kindheit und Jugend als restriktiv Magersüchtige. Patientinnen mit Missbrauchs- und/oder körperlichen Misshandlungserfahrungen sind möglicherweise schwerer krank und schwieriger zu behandeln als andere Essgestörte. Behutsames Erfragen von Belastungen in Kindheit und Jugend scheint angebracht. In der Therapie sind aufrechterhaltende Faktoren—wie etwa die Selbstwertproblematik—wichtiger als prädisponierende und auslösende Faktoren. Zur Prävention empfiehlt es sich, bei der Behandlung psychisch kranker Eltern—insbesondere solcher mit Substanzgebrauchsstörungen—für den Schutz ihrer Kinder zu sorgen und hohe elterliche Erwartungen zu vermeiden.
Abstract
Depending on definition and sample, a minority of varying size of women with eating disorders report to be victims of sexual and/or physical abuse. These stressful experiences are risk factors for mental disorders in general and not specifically for eating disorders. Parental high expectations and pre-morbid negative self-evaluation seem to be specific risk factors for anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Probably, patients with bulimia nervosa suffered more childhood adversity than those with restrictive anorexia nervosa. Patients with a history of sexual and/or physical abuse may be more severely ill and more difficult to treat than other patients with eating disorders. Careful questioning about childhood adversity seems advisable. In therapy, maintaining factors—like problems of self-esteem—are more important than predisposing or precipitating factors. For prevention, it is recommended to provide for the safety of children when treating their parents with mental illness—particularly substance use disorders—and to avoid parental high expectations.
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Danksagung
Dr. med. Ulrike Schmidt PhD, Institute of Psychiatry/London University, und Prof. Dr. med. Norbert Konrad, Freie Universität/Berlin, gaben wertvolle Hinweise auf Literatur.
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Thiels, C. Belastungen in der Kindheit und in der Jugend Essgestörter. Psychotherapeut 49, 21–26 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00278-003-0349-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00278-003-0349-7