Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Evaluation of sex dimorphism of the mandible with geometric morphometric analysis: conventional and reconstructed panoramic radiography study

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of the study was to investigate the mandible shape dimorphism between males and females both on conventional panoramic radiographs (cPR) and reconstructed panoramic radiographs obtained from cone beam computed tomography (rPR) with geometric morphometric method.

Methods

Panoramic radiographs and cone beam computed tomography scans were performed on 33 males and 35 females with median age 23.0 (13.0–57.0) years old. The mandibular shape comparisons between genders were examined with Procrustes analysis, mandible shape classification analysis was made with principal component analysis and shape deformations were concluded from thin plate spline (TPS) analysis.

Results

Age had no statistically significant difference between gender (p = 0.580). For the shape of mandible on cPR and rPR, there were statistically significant differences between males and females (p = 0.002, p = 0.032, respectively). The shape variabilities of mandible on cPR for females were 0.054 and for males 0.053. The shape variabilities of mandible on rPR for females were 0.051 and for males 0.049. Both on cPR and rPR, the shape variability of the females’ mandible was similar within their group, the shape variability of the males’ mandible was similar within their group. In the examination of mandibular dimorphism in cPR, maximal deformations were seen in the region between the mandibular notch, posterior ramus, anterior ramus, gonion, in both sides, in TPS graphs. On the other hand, a high level of deformations was observed in all landmarks that define the mandibular shape on rPR.

Conclusions

The mandible dimorphism can be detected in the examination performed with geometric morphometric methods on cPR and rPR. While mandible shape differences according to gender are seen most in the ramus region in cPR, differences can be detected in all landmarks in rRP.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

Availability of data and materials

Datasets used can be sent at the request of the editor.

References

  1. Akhlaghi M, Khalighi Z, Vasigh S, Yousefinejad V (2014) Sex determination using mandibular anthropometric parameters in subadult Iranian samples. J Forensic Leg Med 22:150–153

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Alias A, Ibrahim A, Bakar SNA, Shafie MS, Das S, Abdullah N, Noor HM, Liao IY, Nor FM (2018) Anthropometric analysis of mandible: an important step for sex determination. Clin Ter 169:e217–e223

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Almeida VdSM, Bomfim RT, Sobreira ACR, Barbosa IdS, Leite-Ribeiro PM, Rubira-Bullen IR, Sarmento VA (2021) Linear measurement accuracy of CBCT panoramic reconstructions: experimental study with dry human mandibles. Oral Radiol 37:421–426

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Bhuyan R, Mohanty S, Bhuyan SK, Pati A, Priyadarshini S, Das P (2018) Panoramic radiograph as a forensic aid in age and gender estimation: preliminary retrospective study. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 22:266

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Cetinoglu ED, Ursavas A, Ozdemir S, Ercan I, Can F, Ocakoglu G, Cetinoglu E, Ursavas A (2019) Three-dimensional analysis of craniofacial shape in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome using geometric morphometrics. Int j morphol 37:338–343

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. de Oliveira GT, Alves MC, Haiter-Neto F (2016) Mandibular sexual dimorphism analysis in CBCT scans. J Forensic Leg Med 38:106–110

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Devlin H, Yuan J (2013) Object position and image magnification in dental panoramic radiography: a theoretical analysis. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 42(1):29951683–29951683

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Dimitrov DM. (2006) Reliability. In : Erford bt, ed. Assessment for counselors. 2nd ed. Chap. 3. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin/Lahaska Press.

  9. Ercan I, Ocakoglu G, Guney I, Yazici B (2008) Adaptation of generalizability theory for inter-rater reliability for landmark localization. Int J Tomogr Simul 9:51–59

    Google Scholar 

  10. Ercan I, Ocakoglu G, Sıgırlı D, Özkaya G (2012) Statistical shape analysis and usage in medical sciences. Turkiye Klinikleri J Biostat 4:27–35

    Google Scholar 

  11. Flores-Mir C, Rosenblatt MR, Major PW, Carey JP, Heo G (2014) Measurement accuracy and reliability of tooth length on conventional and CBCT reconstructed panoramic radiographs. Dental Press J Orthod 19:45–53

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Franklin D, O’Higgins P, Oxnard C (2008) Sexual dimorphism in the mandible of indigenous south Africans: a geometric morphometric approach. S Afr J Sci 104:101–106

    Google Scholar 

  13. Franklin D, O’Higgins P, Oxnard CE, Dadour I (2007) Sexual dimorphism and population variation in the adult mandible. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 3:15–22

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Franklin D, Oxnard CE, O’Higgins P, Dadour I (2007) Sexual dimorphism in the subadult mandible: quantification using geometric morphometrics. J Forensic Sci 52:6–10

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Kemkes-Grottenthaler A, Löbig F, Stock F (2002) Mandibular ramus flexure and gonial eversion as morphologic indicators of sex. Homo 53:97–111

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Kitai N, Murabayashi M, Sugimoto H, Fujiwara A, Tome W, Katsumata A (2017) Accuracy and head positioning effects on measurements of anterior tooth length using 3-dimensional and conventional dental panoramic radiography. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 151:607–615

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Liang H, Frederiksen NL (2004) Focal trough and patient positioning. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 33(2):128–129

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Ludlow JB, Laster WS, See M, Bailey LTJ, Hershey HG (2007) Accuracy of measurements of mandibular anatomy in cone beam computed tomography images. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endo 103:534–542

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Nicholson E, Harvati K (2006) Quantitative analysis of human mandibular shape using three-dimensional geometric morphometrics. Am J Phys Anthropol 131:368–383

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Oettlé A, Pretorius E, Steyn M (2009) Geometric morphometric analysis of the use of mandibular gonial eversion in sex determination. Homo 60:29–43

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Okkesim A, Erhamza TS (2020) Assessment of mandibular ramus for sex determination: retrospective study. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 10:569–572

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Papakosta TK, Savva AD, Economopoulos TL, Matsopoulos GK, Gröhndal H (2017) An automatic panoramic image reconstruction scheme from dental computed tomography images. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 46:20160225

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Perez SI, Bernal V, Gonzalez PN (2006) Differences between sliding semi-landmark methods in geometric morphometrics, with an application to human craniofacial and dental variation. J Anat 208:769–784

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Sangvichien S, Boonkaew K, Chuncharunee A, Komoltri C, Udom C, Chandee T (2008) Accuracy of cranial and mandible morphological traits for sex determination in Thais. Siriraj Med J 60:240–243

    Google Scholar 

  25. Scheuer L (2002) Application of osteology to forensic medicine. Clin Anat 15:297–312

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Secgin CK, Gulsahi A, Yavuz Y, Kamburoglu K (2019) Comparison of mandibular index values determined from standard panoramic versus cone beam computed tomography reconstructed images. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 127:257–264

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Shah PH, Venkatesh R, More CB, Vaishnavee V (2020) Age-and sex-related mandibular dimensional changes: a radiomorphometric analysis on panoramic radiographs. Indian J Dent Res 31:113

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Taleb N, Beshlawy M (2015) Mandibular ramus and gonial angle measurements as predictors of sex and age in an Egyptian population sample: a digital panoramic study. J Forensic Res 6:1–7

    Google Scholar 

  29. Tronje G, Eliasson S, Julin P, Welander U (1981) Image distortion in rotational panoramic radiography: II. Vertical distances. Acta Radiol Diagn 22:449–455

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Viner MD, Robson J (2017) Post-mortem forensic dental radiography-a review of current techniques and future developments. J Forensic Radiol Imaging 8:22–37

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

All procedures followed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible committee on human experimentation (institutional and national) and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2008. Informed consent was obtained from all patients for being included in the study. All authors are responsible for the design, data analysis/ interpretation, drafting, article, critical revision of article and statics.

Funding

No funding was used in this study.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Türkiye

    Rüya Sessiz

  2. Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Bursa Uludağ University, Bursa, Türkiye

    Ilker Ercan & Özlem Toluk

  3. Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Türkiye

    Gökhan Özkan

  4. Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Türkiye

    Özlem Toluk

  5. Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Health Sciences, Bursa Uludağ University, Bursa, Türkiye

    Özlem Toluk

Authors
  1. Rüya Sessiz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ilker Ercan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Gökhan Özkan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Özlem Toluk
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

RS: project development, data collection, and manuscript writing. IE: data analysis, project development, and manuscript editing. GO: manuscript editing and data collection. OT: Data analysis, Protocol development.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rüya Sessiz.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

None of the authors have a conflict of interest to disclose.

Ethics approval

This study was approved by The Non-Interventional Research Ethics Committee of Bezmi Alem Vakif University (no. 42/2022).

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Sessiz, R., Ercan, I., Özkan, G. et al. Evaluation of sex dimorphism of the mandible with geometric morphometric analysis: conventional and reconstructed panoramic radiography study. Surg Radiol Anat 45, 1497–1504 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-023-03201-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-023-03201-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation