Abstract
Purpose
The aim of this study was to identify the range of individual variability in dimensions and topography of the mandibular incisive canal (MIC) in vivo.
Methods
One hundred cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans of patients from dental outpatient hospitals of Minsk, Belarus were performed on Galileos GAX5 using standard exposure and patient positioning protocol. Reformatted panoramic and sagittal CBCT images were analyzed.
Results
The MIC was visualized in 92% of CBCT images. It was detected in the first premolar root region in 93% of cases, and only in 21% of cases it reached the central incisors root area. The MIC started prior to the mental foramen opening with formation of the anterior mental loop in 48% of cases. The MIC started at the level of the mental foramen or close to it in 52% of cases. The degree of MIC visibility and its internal vertical diameter decreases when it comes closer to the midline of the mandible. The distance from the roots of teeth to the upper wall of MIC increases in the mesial direction, while the position of MIC in relation to the base of the mandible remains virtually unchanged.
Conclusions
The MIC can appear in a different length and can reach the level of the root of the central mandibular incisor. Individual topography of MIC should be determined during the preoperative radiological examination and surgical procedures in the anterior region of the mandible.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Standring S (ed) (2016) Gray’s anatomy: the anatomical basis of clinical practice, 41st edn. Elsevier Limited. https://books.google.by/books?id=b7FVCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA539&lpg=PA539&dq=mandibular+canal++Gray’s+anatomy&source=bl&ots=4NkTM_oGrq&sig=zzjfpAohi4fd4YtNT7rPqE_pKIA&hl=ru&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjQvMyz8Y3MAhXKC5oKHUXfAqQQ6AEIQDAH#v=onepage&q=mandibular%20canal%20%20Gray’s%20anatomy&f=true. Accessed 23 Apr 2016
Wadu SG, Penhall B, Townsend GC (1997) Morphological variability of the human inferior alveolar nerve. Clin Anat 10(2):82–87
Juodzbalys G, Wang HL, Sabalys G (2010) Anatomy of mandibular vital structures. Part II: mandibular incisive canal, mental foramen and associated neurovascular bundles in relation with dental implantology. J Oral Maxillofac Res 1(1):e3. doi:10.5037/jomr.2010.1103 (eCollection2010)
De Andrade E, Otomo-Corgel J, Pucher J, Ranganath KA, St. George N Jr (2001) The intraosseous course of the mandibular incisive nerve in the mandibular symphysis. Int J Periodontics Restor Dent 21(6):591–597
Uchida Y, Noguchi N, Goto M, Yamashita Y, Hanihara T, Takamori H, Sato I, Kawai T, Yosue T (2009) Measurement of anterior loop length for the mandibular canal and diameter of the mandibular incisive canal to avoid nerve damage when installing endosseous implants in the interforaminal region: a second attempt introducing cone beam computed tomography. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 67(4):744–750. doi:10.1016/j.joms.2008.05.352
Makris N, Stamatakis H, Syriopoulos K, Tsiklakis K, Van der Stelt PF (2010) Evaluation of the visibility and the course of the mandibular incisive canal and the lingual foramen using cone-beam computed tomography. Clin Oral Implants Res 21(7):766–771. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0501.2009.01903.x (Epub 19 Apr 2010)
Parnia F, Moslehifard E, Hafezeqoran A, Mahboub F, Mojaver-Kahnamoui H (2012) Characteristics of anatomical landmarks in the mandibular interforaminal region: a cone-beam computed tomography study. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 17(3):e420–e425
Ramesh AS, Rijesh K, Sharma A, Prakash R, Kumar A, Karthik (2015) The prevalence of mandibular incisive nerve canal and to evaluate its average location and dimension in Indian population. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 7(Suppl 2):S594–S596
Pereira-Maciel P, Tavares-de-Sousa E, Oliveira-Sales MA (2015) The mandibular incisive canal and its anatomical relationships: a cone beam computed tomography study. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 20(6):e723–e728
Xu Y, Suo N, Tian X, Li F, Zhong G, Liu X, Bao Y, Song T, Tian H (2015) Anatomic study on mental canal and incisive nerve canal in interforaminal region in Chinese population. Surg Radiol Anat 37(6):585–589. doi:10.1007/s00276-014-1402-7 (Epub 19 Dec 2014)
Yovchev D, Deliverska E, Indjova J, Zhelyazkova M (2013) Mandibular incisive canal: a cone beam computed tomography study. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip 27(3):3848–3851. doi:10.5504/BBEQ.2013.0020
Mraiwa N, Jacobs R, Moerman P, Lambrichts I, van Steenberghe D, Quirynen M (2003) Presence and course of the incisive canal in the human mandibular interforaminal region: two-dimensional imaging versus anatomical observations. Surg Radiol Anat 25(5–6):416–423
Landis JR, Koch GG (1977) The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics 33(1):159–174
Olivier E (1928) The inferior dental canal and its nerve in the adult. Br Dent J 49:356–358
Radlanski RJ, Renz H, Klarkowski MC (1928) Prenatal development of the human mandible. 3D reconstructions, morphometry and bone remodelling pattern, sizes 12–117 mm CRL. Anat Embryol (Berl) 207(3):221–232 (Epub 10 Sep 2003)
Przystańska A, Bruska M, Woźniak W (2007) Skeletal units of the human embryonic mandible. Folia Morphol (Warsz) 66(4):328–331
Sperber GH, Sperber SM, Guttman GD (eds) (2010) Craniofacial embryogenetics and development, 2nd ed. People’s Medical Publishing House, Shelton. https://books.google.by/books?id=OvM0jkob9GgC&pg=PA77&lpg=PA77&dq=Sperber+Craniofacial+embryogenetics+and+development+bibliography&source=bl&ots=Ludf1Nu5Rl&sig=NQKtRTUJDm8caXh3KCc3eg1QJxU&hl=ru&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiFz5DfmqfNAhXEBiwKHayQDpYQ6AEIXzAJ#v=onepage&q=mandible&f=false. Accessed 12 June 2016
Obradovic O, Todorovic L, Pesic V, Pejkovic B, Vitanovic V (1993) Morphometric analysis of mandibular canal: clinical aspects. Bull Group Int Rech Sci Stomatol Odontol 36(3–4):109–113
Cantekin K, Sekerci AE, Miloglu O, Buyuk SK (2014) Identification of the mandibular landmarks in a pediatric population. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 19(2):e136–e141
Jacobs R, Mraiwa N, vanSteenberghe D, Gijbels F, Quirynen M (2002) Appearance, location, course, and morphology of the mandibular incisive canal: an assessment on spiral CT scan. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 31:322–327
Hu KS, Yun HS, Hur MS, Kwon HJ, Abe S, Kim HJ (2007) Branching patterns and intraosseous course of the mental nerve. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 65(11):2288–2294
Couto-Filho CEG., de Moraes PH, Alonso MBC, Haiter-Neto F, Olate S, Albergaria Barbosa JR (2015) Accuracy in the diagnosis of the position of the mental nerve loop. A comparative study between panoramic radiography and cone beam computed tomography. Int J Morphol 33(1):327–332. http://www.scielo.cl/pdf/ijmorphol/v33n1/art51.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2016
Kohavi D, Bar-Ziv J (1996) Atypical incisive nerve: clinical report. Implant Dent 5(4):281–283
Kütük N, Demirbaş AE, Gönen ZB, Topan C, Kiliç E, Etöz OA, Alkan A (2013) Anterior mandibular zone safe for implants. J Craniofac Surg 24(4):e405–e408. doi:10.1097/SCS.0b013e318292c7d5
Walton JN (2000) Altered sensation associated with implants in the anterior mandible: a prospective study. J Prosthet Dent 83(4):443–449
Wismeijer D, van Waas MA, Vermeeren JI, Kalk W (1997) Patients’ perception of sensory disturbances of the mental nerve before and after implant surgery: a prospective study of 110 patients. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 35(4):254–259
Kuzum CK, Mody PV, Indrajeet Nooji D, Rao KS, Wankhade BG (2015) Interforaminal hemorrhage during anterior mandibular implant placement: an overview. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 12(4):291–300. doi:10.4103/1735-3327.161422
Yu SK, Kim S, Kang SG, Kim JH, Lim KO, Hwang SI, Kim HJ (2015) Morphological assessment of the anterior loop of the mandibular canal in Koreans. Anat Cell Biol 48(1):75–80. doi:10.5115/acb.2015.48.1.75 (Epub 20 Mar 2015)
Mardinger O, Chaushu G, Arensburg B, Taicher S, Kaffe I (2000) Anterior loop of the mental canal: an anatomical–radiologic study. Implant Dent 9(2):120–125
Apostolakis D, Brown JE (2013) The dimensions of the mandibular incisive canal and its spatial relationship to various anatomical landmarks of the mandible: a study using cone beam computed tomography. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 28(1):117–124. doi:10.11607/jomi.2372
Al-Ani O, Nambiar P, Ha KO, Ngeow WC (2013) Safe zone for bone harvesting from the interforaminal region of the mandible. Clin Oral Implants Res 24(Suppl A100):115–121. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0501.2011.02393.x (Epub 11 Jan 2012)
Pires CA, Bissada NF, Becker JJ, Kanawati A, Landers MA (2012) Mandibular incisive canal: cone beam computed tomography. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 14(1):67–73. doi:10.1111/j.1708-8208.2009.00228.x (Epub 6 Aug 2009)
Sokhn S, Nasseh I, Noujeim M (2011) Using cone beam computed tomography to determine safe regions for implant placement. Gen Dent 59(2):e72–e77
Hur MS, Kim HC, Won SY, Hu KS, Song WC, Koh KS, Kim HJ (2013) Topography and spatial fascicular arrangement of the human inferior alveolar nerve. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 15(1):88–95. doi:10.1111/j.1708-8208.2011.00335.x (Epub 17 Mar 2011)
Lee MH, Kim HJ, Kim do K, Yu SK (2015) Histologic features and fascicular arrangement of the inferior alveolar nerve. Arch Oral Biol 60(12):1736–1741. doi:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.09.007 (Epub 11 Sep 2015)
Cordaro L, Torsello F, Miuccio MT, di Torresanto VM, Eliopoulos D (2011) Mandibular bone harvesting for alveolar reconstruction and implant placement: subjective and objective cross-sectional evaluation of donor and recipient site up to 4 years. Clin Oral Implants Res 22(11):1320–1326. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0501.2010.02115.x (Epub 28 Mar 2011)
Pommer B, Tepper G, Gahleitner A, Zechner W, Watzek G (2008) New safety margins for chin bone harvesting based on the course of the mandibular incisive canalin CT. Clin Oral Implants Res 19(12):1312–1316. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0501.2008.01590.x
von Arx T, Häfliger J, Chappuis V (2005) Neurosensory disturbances following bone harvesting in the symphysis: a prospective clinical study. Clin Oral Implants Res 16(4):432–439
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kabak, S.L., Zhuravleva, N.V., Melnichenko, Y.M. et al. Study of the mandibular incisive canal anatomy using cone beam computed tomography. Surg Radiol Anat 39, 647–655 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-016-1779-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-016-1779-6