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Facial vein draining into external jugular vein in humans: its variations, phylogenetic retention and clinical relevance

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Abstract

The superficial veins, especially the external jugular vein (EJV), are increasingly being utilized for cannulation to conduct diagnostic procedures or intravenous therapies. Ultrasound-guided venipuncture is a viable possibility in cases of variations in the patterns of superficial veins, and their knowledge is also important for surgeons doing reconstructive surgery. This study was done on 89 dissected adult cadavers (178 sides) and variations in patterns of termination of the facial vein (FV) into the EJV were studied. The FV in 16 sides (9%) was found to drain into the EJV, in two main patterns: type I and type II. Type I had the FV draining into the EJV with varying degrees of obliquity in a Y-shaped (6 cases, 37.5%), U-shaped (3 cases, 18.7%), tuning-fork-shaped (2 cases, 12.5%) or N-shaped (1 case, 6.2%) pattern. Type II showed an inverted A-shaped pattern (2 cases, 12.5%) or a stepladder-shaped pattern (2 cases, 12.5%) depending on the presence of one or more connecting conduits between the FV and EJV respectively. In Macaca mulatta (rhesus monkey) a pair of vertically disposed, subcutaneous veins placed nearly side by side and of equal caliber were seen on each side of the neck. The lateral vein was the EJV while the medial one took the course of the FV in the upper oblique segment and ran parallel to the EJV in the lower segment over the sternocleidomastoid, with one or two transverse communications. The anomalous patterns found in our study could be explained in terms of the regression and retention of various parts of the veins found in the rhesus monkey, or the drainage pattern found in horse, ox and dog, where the vein from the face drain into the external jugular vein, the internal jugular vein being either absent or a small vessel accompanying the carotid artery.

Résumé

Les veines superficielles, notamment la veine jugulaire externe, sont fréquemment ponctionnées à visée diagnostique ou thérapeutique intraveineuse. La ponction veineuse guidée par échographie est possible. S'il existe des variations, leur connaissance est importante pour les chirurgiens qui envisagent une chirurgie reconstructrice par exemple. Cette étude a été effectuée sur 89 cadavres adultes (178 côtés) et les variations de la terminaison de la veine faciale dans la veine jugulaire externe ont été étudiées. Pour 16 côtés (9%), la veine faciale se drainait dans la veine jugulaire externe selon deux types, le type I et II. Le type I voyait la veine faciale se drainer dans la veine jugulaire externe avec une obliquité variable, en forme de Y (6 fois, 37,5%), en forme de U (3 fois, 18,7%), en forme de diapason (2 cas, 12,5%) ou en forme de N (1 cas, 6,2%). Le type II décrivait un aspect de A renversé (2 cas, 12,5%) ou un aspect en barreaux d'échelle (2 cas, 12,5%) en fonction de la présence de communications plus ou moins nombreuses entre la veine faciale et la veine jugulaire externe. Chez le singe rhésus Macaca mulatta, deux veines sous-cutanées disposées verticalement sont placées côte à côte et de calibre égal de chaque côté du cou. La veine latérale correspond à la veine jugulaire externe alors que la veine médiale suit le trajet de la veine faciale, dans son segment supérieur oblique, puis court parallèlement à la veine jugulaire externe, dans son segment inférieur au-dessus le muscle sterno-cléido-mastoïdien. Il existe un ou deux vaisseaux transverses de communication. Les différentes distributions trouvées dans notre étude pourraient être expliquées par la régression ou la persistance de veines que l'on trouve chez le singe rhésus mais aussi de drainage observé chez le cheval, le boeuf ou le chien, dont les veines de la face se drainent dans la veine jugulaire externe, alors que la veine jugulaire interne est soit absente, soit représentée par un vaisseau de petit calibre, accompagnant l'artère carotide.

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Correspondence to V. Gupta.

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The French version of this article is available in the form of electronic supplementary material and can be obtained by using the Springer Link server located at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00276-002-0080-z

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Gupta, V., Tuli, A., Choudhry, R. et al. Facial vein draining into external jugular vein in humans: its variations, phylogenetic retention and clinical relevance. Surg Radiol Anat 25, 36–41 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-002-0080-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-002-0080-z

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