Abstract
More than one million hectares have undergone irrigation modernization in Spain during this century. Irrigation modernization to pressurized systems is currently facing challenges derived from increasing electricity prices and decreasing public subsidies. The economic viability of such projects is compromised, and the number of projects is decreasing. Pressurized collective networks are commonly designed and managed using hydraulic simulation tools and probabilistic hypotheses on hydrant use. In this paper, a simulation tool is presented that widens the scope of the analysis by combining hydraulics with agronomy, agrometeorology, solid-set sprinkler irrigation and economics. The CINTEGRAL software simulates the net benefit of the seasonal operation of a collective pressurized irrigation network. The software incorporates an optimization module for the electricity contract associated with the pumping station. CINTEGRAL runs on a time step of a half-hour, and simulates the irrigation season of a variety of crops. The software was applied to analyze the economic benefit of a Water User Association (WUA) under different design and management scenarios (on-demand, network sectoring and dividing the irrigated area in separate networks). In the studied WUA, the network sectoring scenario provided important energy savings (22%) but negatively affected yield by a similar economic magnitude. The division of the area in two independent networks was the most cost-effective scenario. Network topologies, cropping patterns, market prices, irrigation infrastructure, soil conditions and management rules determine the optimum WUA management options. CINTEGRAL is a comprehensive simulation tool designed to help designers and managers guarantee the economic viability of their projects.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abadia R, Rocamora C, Ruiz A, Puerto H (2008) Energy efficiency in irrigation distribution networks I: theory. Biosys Eng 101(1):21–27
Alexandratos N, Bruinsma J (2012) World agriculture towards 2030/2050: the 2012 revision. ESA Working paper No. 12-03. FAO Rome, Italy. 147
Aliod R, Eizaguerri A, Estrada C (1998) Development and validation of hydraulic modelling tools for pressurised irrigation networks. Hydroinformatics Vladan Babovic and Lars Christian Larsen. Danish Hydraulic Institute, Horsholm, pp 545–552
Andrade CLT, Allen RG (1999) Sprinkmod—pressure and discharge simulation model for pressurizes irrigation systems. 1. Model development and description. Irrig Sci 18:141–148
Andrade CLT, Wells RD, Allen RG (1999a) Sprinkmod—pressure and discharge simulation model for pressurizes irrigation systems. 2. Case study. Irrig Sci 18:149–156
Andrade CLT, Allen RG, Wells RD (1999b) Sprinkmod—pressure and discharge simulation model for pressurizes irrigation systems. 3. Sensitivity to lateral hydraulic parameters and leakage. Irrig Sci 18:157–161
Arkley RJ (1963) Relationships between plant growth and transpiration. Hidalgia 34:559–584
Bautista-Capetillo C, Salvador R, Burguete J, Montero J, Tarjuelo JM, Zapata N, González J, Playán E (2009) Comparing methodologies for the characterization of water drops emitted by an irrigation sprinkler. Trans ASABE 52(5):1493–1504
Burguete J, Playán E, Montero J, Zapata N (2007) Improving drop size and velocity estimates of an optical disdrometer: implications for sprinkler irrigation simulation. Trans ASABE 50(6):2103–2116
Carrión P, Tarjuelo JM, Montero J (2001) SIRIAS: a simulation model for sprinkler irrigation i: description of model. Irrig Sci 20:73–84
Cavero J, Farré I, Debaeke P, Faci JM (2000) Simulation of maize yield under water stress with the EPICphase and CROPWAT models. Agron J 92(4):679–690
Corominas J (2010) Agua y energía en el riego, en la época de la sostenibilidad. Ingeniería del agua 17:219–233
de Juan JA and Martín de Santa Olalla FJ (1993) Las funciones de producción versus agua. En: F.J. Martín de Santa Olalla, de Juan J.A. (Coord.) Agronomía del Riego. Mundi-Prensa y Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. Madrid, Spain
de Wit CT (1958) Transpiration and Crop Yield. Versl. Landbouk. Onderz, 64. Wageningen, The Netherlands
de Wrachien D, Lorenzini G (2006) Modelling jet flow and losses in sprinkler irrigation: overview and perspective of a new approach. Biosys Eng 94(2):297–309
Dechmi F, Playán E, Cavero J, Martínez-Cob A, Faci JM (2004a) A coupled crop and solid-set sprinkler simulation model: I. Model development. J Irrig Drain Eng ASCE 130:502–510
Dechmi F, Playán E, Cavero J, Martínez-Cob A, Faci JM (2004b) A coupled crop and solid set sprinkler simulation model: II. Model application. J Irrig Drain Eng ASCE 130(6):511–519
Doorenbos J, Kassam AH (1979) Yield response to water. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 33. Rome, FAO
Estrada C, Gonzalez C, Aliod R, Paño J (2009) Improved pressurized pipe network hydraulic solver for applications in irrigation systems. J Irrig Drain Eng ASCE 135(4):421–430
Fernandez Garcia I, Rodriguez Diaz JA, Camacho Poyato E, Montesinos P (2013) Optimal operation of pressurized irrigation networks with several supply sources. Water Resour Manag 27:2855–2869
Fukui Y, Nakanishi K, Okamura S (1980) Computer evaluation of sprinkler irrigation uniformity. Irrig Sci 2:23–32
Hall WA, Butcher WS (1968) Optimal timing of irrigation. J Irrig Drain 94:267–275
Jensen ME (1968) Water consumption by agricultural plants. In: Kozlowski J (ed) Water deficits of plant growth. Academic Press, New York
Jiménez-Bello MA, Martínez Alzamora F, Bou Soler V, Ayala HJB (2010) Methodology for grouping intakes of pressurised irrigation networks into sectors to minimise energy consumption. Biosyst Eng 105:429–438
Khadra R, Lamaddalena N (2006) A simulation model to generate the demand hydrographs in large-scale irrigation systems. Biosyst Eng 93(3):335–346
Khadra R, Moreno MA, Awada H, Lamaddalena N (2016) Energy and hydraulic performance-based management of large-scale pressurized irrigation systems. Water Resour Manage 30:3493–3506
Kincaid DC (1986) Spraydrop kinetic energy from irrigation sprinklers. Trans ASAE 39:847–853
Kincaid DC, Solomon KH, Oliphant JC (1996) Drop size distributions for irrigation sprinklers. Trans ASAE 39:839–845
Lamaddalena N, Pereira LS (2007a) Assessing the impact of flow regulators with a pressure-driven performance analysis model. Agric Water Manag 90(1–2):27–35
Lamaddalena N, Pereira LS (2007b) Pressure-driven modeling for performance analysis of irrigation systems operating on demand. Agric Water Manag 90(1–2):36–44
Lamaddalena N, Fratino U, Daccache A (2007) On-farm sprinkler irrigation performance as affected by the distribution system. Biosyst Eng 96(1):99–109
Lecina S, Playán E (2006) A model for the simulation of water flows in irrigation districts: I. Description. J Irrig Drain Div ASCE 132(4):310–321
Lecina S, Isidoro D, Playán E, Aragüés R (2010) Irrigation modernization in Spain: effects on water quantity and quality-A conceptual approach. Int J Water Resour Dev 26(2):265–282
Marzougui T, Ben Elghali S, Doumenc F, Outbib R (2015) An analysis of energetic cost for an irrigation network in France. ICID 26th Euro Mediterranean Regional Conference and ICID 56th International Executive Council. Innovate to Improve Irrigation Performance. Montpellier, France. 11–16 October 2015
Merriam JL, Keller J (1978) Farm irrigation system evaluation: a guide for management. Utah State University, Logan
Monteith JL (1977) Climate and the efficiency of crop production in Britain. Philos Trans R Soc B281:277–294
Montero J, Tarjuelo JM, Carrión P (2001) Sirias: a simulation model for sprinkler irrigation. II. Calibration and validation of the model. Irrig Sci 20(2):85–98
Montero J, Tarjuelo JM, Carrión P (2003) Sprinkler droplet size distribution measured with an optical spectropluviometer. Irrig Sci 22(2):47–56
Moreno MA, Córcoles JI, Tarjuelo JM, Ortega JF (2010a) Energy efficiency of pressurised irrigation networks managed on-demand and under a rotation schedule. Biosyst Eng 107:349–363
Moreno MA, Ortega JF, Córcoles JI, Martínez A, Tarjuelo JM (2010b) Energy analysis of irrigation delivery systems: monitoring and evaluation of proposed measures for improving energy efficiency. Irrig Sci 28:445–460
Navarro Navajas JM, Montesinos P, Camacho Poyato E, Rodríguez Díaz JA (2012) Impacts of irrigation network sectoring as an energy saving measure on olive grove production. J Environ Manag 111:1–9
Nogüés J (2002) Mapa de suelos (E 1/25000) de Barbués y Torres de Barbués. Aplicación para modernización de regadíos. Consejo de Protección de la Naturaleza de Aragón. Zaragoza, España
Orgaz F (1998) Crop responses to irrigation and salinity. Advanced course: sustainable agriculture: water management for agricultural production in semi-arid zones. CIHEAM, ICARDA, March 9–20th. Zaragoza, Spain
Ortega JF, de Juan JA, Tarjuelo JM, López E (2004) MOPECO: an economic optimization model for irrigation water management. Irrig Sci 23:61–75
Ortiz JN, Tarjuelo JM, de Juan JA (2009) Characterisation of evaporation and drift losses with centre-pivots. Agric Water Manage 96:1541–1546
Pereira LS, Allen RG (1999) Crop water requirements. In: van Lier NH, Pereira LS, Steiner FR (eds) CIGR handbook of agricultural engineering, vol I., Land and water engineeringASAE and CIGR, St. Joseph, pp 213–262
Playán E, Mateos L (2006) Modernization and optimization of irrigation systems to increase water productivity. Agric Water Manage 80(1–3):100–116
Playán E, Salvador R, Faci JM, Zapata N, Martínez-Cob A, Sánchez I (2005) Day and night wind drift and evaporation losses in sprinkler solid-sets and moving laterals. Agric Water Manage 76(3):139–159
Playán E, Zapata N, Faci JM, Tolosa D, Pelegrín J, Salvador R, Lafita A, Sánchez I (2006) Assessing sprinkler irrigation uniformity using a ballistic simulation model. Agric Water Manage 84(1–2):89–100
Reca J, Martinez J (2006) Genetic algorithms for the design of looped irrigation water distribution network. Water Resour Res 42(5):W05416
Rocamora C, Vera J, Abadia R (2013) Strategy for efficient energy management to solve energy problems in modernized irrigation: analysis of the Spanish case. Irrig Sci 31(5):1139–1158
Rodríguez Díaz JA, López Luque R, Carrillo Cobo MT, Montesinos P, Camacho Poyato E (2009) Exploring energy saving scenarios for on demand pressurised irrigation networks. Biosyst Eng 104:552–561
Rodríguez Díaz JA, Camacho Poyato E, Blanco Pérez M (2011) Evaluation of water and energy use in pressurized irrigation networks in southern Spain. J Irrig Drain Eng 137:644–650
Rossman LA (2000) EPANET 2: users manual. US Environ Prot Agency,Washington, D.C. EPA/600/R-00/057, 2000
Rossman LA, Clark RM, Grayman WM (1994) Modeling chlorine residuals in drinking-water distribution-systems. J Environ Eng ASCE 120(4):803–820
Salvador R, Playán E, Bautista C, Burguete J, Zapata N (2009) A photographic methodology for drop characterization in agricultural sprinklers. Irrig Sci 27:307–317
Smith M (1992) CROPWAT—A computer program for irrigation planning and management. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 46. FAO, Rome, Italy
Stewart JI, Hagan RM, Pruitt WO, Kanks RJ, Riley JP, Danilson RE, Franklin WT and Jackson EB (1977) Optimizing crop production though control of water and salinity levels. Utah Water Res. Lab. PWRG 151-1, Logan, Utah
Sudar RD, Saxton KE, Spooner RG (1981) A predictive model of water stress in corn and soybean. Trans ASAE 24:97–102
Tarjuelo JM, de Juan JA (1999) Crop water management. In: van Lier NH, Pereira LS, Steiner FR (eds) CIGR handbook of agricultural engineering, vol I., Land and water engineeringASAE and CIGR, St. Joseph, pp 380–429
Tarjuelo JM, Rodríguez-Díaz JA, Abadía R, Camacho E, Rocamora C, Moreno MA (2015) Efficient water and energy use in irrigation modernization: lessons from Spanish case studies. Agric Water Manage 162:67–77
Vaux HJ, Pruitt WO (1983) Crop-water production functions. In: Hillel D (ed) Advances in irrigation, vol 2. Academic Press, New York, pp 61–97
Zapata N, Playan E, Skhiri A, Burguete J (2009) Simulation of a collective solid-set sprinkler irrigation controller for optimum water productivity. J Irrig Drain Eng ASCE 135(1):13–24
Zapata N, Salvador R, Cavero J, Lecina S, López C, Mantero N, Anadón R, Playán E (2013) Field test of an automatic controller for solid-set sprinkler irrigation. Irrig Sci 31(5):1237–1249
Zazueta FS, Smajstrla AG, Haman DZ (1989) Computer-aided design of landscape irrigation systems. Appl Agric Res 4:280–284
Acknowledgements
This paper applies the “first-last-author-emphasis” approach for the sequence of authors. Research was funded by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of the Spanish Government (Plan Estatal de I + D+i) through Grant AGL2013-48728-C2-1-R. The International Center for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies of Zaragoza (CIHEAM-Zaragoza) provided an M. Sc. scholarship to Mr. El Habib El Malki.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Communicated by G. Merkley.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zapata, N., El Malki, E.H., Latorre, B. et al. A simulation tool for advanced design and management of collective sprinkler-irrigated areas: a study case. Irrig Sci 35, 327–345 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-017-0547-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-017-0547-7