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In Vivo Evaluation of the Effects of Gravitational Force (+Gz) on Over-the-Wire Stainless Steel Greenfield Inferior Vena Cava Filter in Swine

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Abstract

This study was done to determine the effect of exposure to gravitational force (acceleration stress) on in vivo over-the-wire stainless steel Greenfield inferior vena cava filters. Fifteen pigs underwent venous cut down and placement of a stainless steel Greenfield filter. A 4-week observation period simulated realistic convalescence and allowed sufficient time for epithelialization. Ten pigs were exposed to acceleration stress in a centrifuge (3G run for 15 sec followed by rest until return to baseline heart rate, then a 9G run for 15 sec), with inertial loading in a head-to-tail direction (+Gz). Fluoroscopy during acceleration stress allowed assessment for filter migration. Five pigs were not exposed to acceleration stress. AP and lateral abdominal radiographs were obtained at post-filter placement, convalescence, and centrifuge exposure to determine the position and integrity of the filter. All 15 IVCs were resected and evaluated for gross or histological injury to the vessel wall. IVC filter placement was technically successful in all 15 pigs. Radiographic measurements were limited secondary to differences in pig positioning. Fluoroscopy showed no filter migration. All filters were securely attached to the vena cava by the hooks without gross evidence of perforation or hemorrhage. There were varying degrees of fibroplasia involving the hooks and tip of the filters in both the control and experimental groups. Histologically, there was evidence of prior hemorrhage at the level of the hooks, which was similar between the control and experimental groups. It is concluded that Greenfield filter position and vena caval integrity at the implantation site is unaffected by high acceleration stress.

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Acknowledgements

Gift in grant: Medi-tech, Boston Scientific Corporation donated 10 stainless steel Greenfield filters to the project. The office of the Surgeon General of the Air Force provided the remainder of the funding. Special thanks to the support staff at the Clinical Research Squadron, Lackland Air Force Base, Texas and the Air Force Research Laboratory, Brooks Air Force Base, Texas.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiology, Wilford Hall Medical Center, 2200 Bergquist Drive, Ste 1, Lackland AFB, TX 78236-5300, USA

    P.M. Sherman & G.M. Soares

  2. Clinical Research Squadron, 59CRES/MSRO, 1225 Wilford Hall Loop, Lackland AFB, TX 78236, USA

    E.J. Dick & H.H. Harroff

  3. Air Force Research Laboratory, AFRL/HEPM, 2504 Gillingham Drive, Ste 25, Brooks AFB, TX 78235-5104, USA

    P.M. Werchan

  4. Department of General Surgery, Wilford Hall Medical Center, 2200 Bergquist Drive, Ste 1, Lackland AFB, TX 78236-5300, USA

    M.R. Davis & D.P. Ortegon

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  1. P.M. Sherman
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  2. G.M. Soares
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  3. E.J. Dick
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Correspondence to P.M. Sherman.

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Sherman, P., Soares, G., Dick, E. et al. In Vivo Evaluation of the Effects of Gravitational Force (+Gz) on Over-the-Wire Stainless Steel Greenfield Inferior Vena Cava Filter in Swine . CVIR 26, 386–394 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00270-003-2701-2

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