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The Effects of Methylene Blue and Carbon Nanoparticles on Transplanted Lymph Node Survival, Reconstructed Lymphatic Function, and Changes in Inflammatory and Fibrosis Factors

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Abstract

Background and objectives

Methylene blue (MB) and carbon nanoparticles (CNs) can be used as a simple method for reverse lymphatic mapping. We investigated whether the two tracers had an impact on the survival of lymph nodes and the function of reconstructed lymph vessels after transplantation, as well as the changes in surrounding related factors.

Methods

The stained lymph nodes were non-vascularized transplanted into the contralateral popliteal fossa in mice. After 4 weeks, the lymphatic recanalization was detected. The samples were harvested for pathological detection and PCR. In addition, the transport ability of the recanalized lymphatics to tumor cells was also explored.

Results

Compared with the control group, there was no significant difference of the MB and CNs groups in the drainage function of recanalized lymphatic vessels, the survival of lymph nodes, or the transport capacity to tumor cells. TNF-α and IL-6 were significantly higher in the two tracer groups (**p < 0.01). Besides, the α-SMA was significantly increased in the CNs group (*p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Two tracers have no effect on the survival of transplanted lymph nodes, nor do they affect the drainage ability or tumor cell capture ability of the reconstructed lymphatics, despite improving TNF-α and IL-6 levels and the deposition of CNs.

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Acknowledgements

Thanks for the financial support from Medical Guidance Project of Shanghai Science and Technology Committee, China (19411962300), General Program of Shanghai Municipal Health Commission, China (201940400).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China

    Heng Wang, Dong Dong, Chi Liu, Mingjie Yuan, Liang Chen & Tianyi Liu

  2. Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Shanghai, China

    Heng Wang, Dong Dong, Chi Liu & Mingjie Yuan

Authors
  1. Heng Wang
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  2. Dong Dong
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  3. Chi Liu
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  4. Mingjie Yuan
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  5. Liang Chen
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  6. Tianyi Liu
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Correspondence to Tianyi Liu.

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The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Ethical approval

The animal investigations in this work were approved by our research organization's Ethical Committee and relevant authorities, and they followed all guidelines, legislation, legal, and ethical standards required for animals.

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Heng Wang and Dong Dong are co-first authors.

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Wang, H., Dong, D., Liu, C. et al. The Effects of Methylene Blue and Carbon Nanoparticles on Transplanted Lymph Node Survival, Reconstructed Lymphatic Function, and Changes in Inflammatory and Fibrosis Factors. World J Surg 46, 2166–2173 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-022-06594-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-022-06594-x

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