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Fetal Tracheal Occlusion for the Treatment of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia

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Abstract

Background

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) continues to be associated with significant mortality and morbidity rates despite advances in neonatal care. Fetal intervention for CDH has been studied for 25 years. After initial difficulties encountered with open fetal repair, attention has turned to tracheal occlusion (TO) as a method to correct pulmonary hypoplasia before birth. This article reviews our contribution to this field of research and outlines the current status of this treatment modality.

Materials and Methods

Using the fetal lamb model, we have studied the effects of fetal TO on tracheal fluid pressure, lung growth and type II pneumocyte maturation, and surfactant production. We developed a minimally invasive and reversible technique of TO, using a detachable balloon placed using single-port tracheoscopy. We examined differential lung growth, structural maturation, pulmonary artery remodeling, and lung function during an 8-h resuscitation period in lambs, comparing normal controls, lambs with a surgically created CDH, those with CDH+TO, and those with CDH+TO and release of TO 1 week before delivery. We also studied the potential benefits of maternal betamethasone administration and the administration of surfactant at birth. Using a neonatal piglet model, we examined the effect of postnatal pulmonary distension with perfluorocarbon on lung growth. More recently, we turned to the rat nitrofen-induced CDH model to study the effects of TO on bronchial branching and some molecular markers of lung growth (Shh and LGL1).

Conclusions

Fetal TO is being used to treat human CDH, but its application remains limited by the absence of reliable and widely reproducible prenatal prognostic criteria. A better understanding of the molecular events guiding the lung growth seen with TO may help to refine its use in humans.

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Acknowledgments

The authors recognize the contribution of the many collaborators mentioned in the text or listed as co-authors in the publications quoted, as well as the essential part played by the surgical residents/fellows who performed most of the experiments. Support from Dr. Bruce Williams, Surgeon-in-Chief at the Montreal Children’s Hospital, was also essential throughout this period.

Various funding sources have made this work possible, including the Montreal Children’s Hospital Research Institute, the Medical Research Council of Canada (now the Canadian Institutes for Health Research), the Quebec Lung Association, the Fonds de Recherche en Santé du Québec, the Canadian Association of General Surgeons Research Fund, the Foundation for Research into Children’s Diseases, and the Pediatric Surgery Research and Education Fund of the Montreal Children’s Hospital.

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  1. Department of Surgery, The Montreal Children’s Hospital of the McGill University Health Center, 2300 rue Tupper, H3H 1P3, Montreal, QC, Canada

    Jean-Martin Laberge & Hélène Flageole

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  1. Jean-Martin Laberge
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  2. Hélène Flageole
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Correspondence to Jean-Martin Laberge.

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Laberge, JM., Flageole, H. Fetal Tracheal Occlusion for the Treatment of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia. World J Surg 31, 1577–1586 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-007-9074-7

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