Prevention of Adenocarcinoma by Reversing Barrett’s Esophagus with Mucosal Ablation

Abstract

The ultimate goal of therapy in patients with Barrett’s esophagus (BE) is to reduce the risk of developing adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. Neither pharmacologic nor surgical therapy has been documented to reduce this risk. There is preliminary evidence that many forms of mucosal ablation combined with acid reduction therapy result in restitution of normal squamous epithelium in patients with BE. Acid reduction can be accomplished with high-dose proton pump inhibitor therapy or antireflux surgery. Endoscopic ablation can be accomplished with photodynamic therapy, laser, multipolar electrocoagulation, a heater probe, and argon plasma coagulation. These techniques require further study so the complication rates can be compared. The success of reversing BE must be evaluated in a standard way utilizing large-capacity biopsy forceps through a therapeutic endoscope. Ideally, patients at high risk of developing adenocarcinoma of the esophagus can be treated with ablation therapy and followed to document a reduction in the development of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. A validated biomarker would help select high risk patients appropriate for reversal therapy. Currently, patients who are at prohibitive risk for surgery or who refuse surgery are candidates for combination therapy including mucosal ablation to reverse their BE. This therapy offers the promise of less morbidity and greater quality of life than resection.