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Laparoscopic management of bile duct and bowel injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy

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Abstract

Accidentai injuries to the bile duct and bowel are significant risks of laparoscopic surgery and sometimes require conversion to open surgery. Although some of the injuries related to laparoscopic cholecystectomy can be managed by endoscopic techniques, laparoscopic surgery is not yet sufficiently perfected. We investigated the efficacy of laparoscopic management combined with endoscopic tube or stent insertion in cases of bile duct and bowel injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was attempted on 1,190 consecutive patients between April 1992 and June 1999. The first 70 patients underwent only preoperative intravenous infusion cholangiography (IVC), and the remaining 1,120 patients were subjected to both preoperative IVC and intraoperative cholangiography. We experienced 16 cases of bile duct injury (1.4%). Five patients with circumferential injuries of the bile duct were converted to open surgery for biliary reconstruction. The other 11 patients with partial laceration injuries of the bile duct and biliary leakage from the cystic duct underwent a laparoscopic simple closure technique. In 10 of these patients, an endoscopic tube or stent was inserted on the day after surgery to facilitate biliary decompression and drainage. Bowel injuries occurred in seven patients (0.6%). Three intestinal injuries were due to careless technique, and two duodenal injuries and two intestinal injuries were related to dense adhesions. All of these injuries were successfully repaired using laparoscopic techniques, auto-suturing devices, or extracorporeal suturing via the umbilical incision. No postoperative complications were identified. We concluded that the biliary injury site could be closed with a laparoscopic technique so long as the biliary injury was not circumferential. Bowel injuries also could be repaired laparoscopically.

Résumé

Le risque de lésions accidentelles des voies biliaires et des intestins n’est pas rare au cours de la chirurgie laparoscopique: de temps à autre, une conversion à la chirurgie ouverte est nécessaire. Si certaines lésions en rapport avec la cholécystectomie laparoscopique peuvent être traitée s par des méthodes endoscopiques, le traitement par laparoscopie de ces lésions n’est pas encore suffisamment perfectionné. Nous avons évalué l’efficacité du traitement laparoscopique combiné à l’endoscopie ou par insertion d’un stent en cas de lésion biliaire ou lésion des intestins secondaires à la laparoscopie. Une cholécystectomie a été réalisée par laparoscopie chez 1190 patients consécutifs entre avril 1992 et juin 1999. Les 70 premiers patients ont eu une cholangiographie intraveineuse préopératoire alors que les 1120 patients restants ont eu et une cholangiographie intraveineuse et une cholangiographie peropératoire. Nous avons observé 16 cas de lésions des voies biliaires (1,4%). Cinq patients atteints d’une lésion circonférentielle des voies biliaires ont été convertis en chirurgie ouverte pour reconstruction des voies biliaires. On a pu réaliser un traitement laparoscopique pour les 11 autres patients ayant une plaie partielle des voies biliaires ou une fuite à partir du canal cystique. Chez 10 de ces patients, on a inséré un tube ou un stent endoscopique le jour suivant la chirurgie laparoscopique pour décomprimer et faciliter le drainage biliaire. On a dénombré sept lésions intestinales (0,6%). Trois lésions intestinales étaient en rapport avec une erreur technique, deux lésions duodenales et deux lésions intestinales étaient en rapport avec des adhérences serrées. Toutes les lésions ont été réparées avec succès sous laparoscopie, en utilisant soit un appareil de suture mécanique soit des techniques de sutures extracorporéales à travers le trocart ombilical. On n’a observé aucune complication postopératoire. Nous concluons qu’une lésion biliaire iatrogène lors d’une cholécystectomie laparoscopique a toujours pu être réparée par une technique laparoscopique à condition que la lésion biliaire ne soit pas circonférentielle. Les lésions intestinales peuvent également être réparées sous laparoscopie.

Resumen

La cirugia laparoscópica conlleva un riesgo significativo de lesiones accidentales del colédoco e intestino delgado. Aunque algunas de éstas, sobre todo las referidas a la colecistectomia laparoscópica, pueden tratarse mediante técnicas endoscópicas, es evidente que la cirugí laparoscópica no está todavía suficientemente perfeccionada por lo que al tratamiento de estas lesiones se refiere. Investigamos la eficacia del tratamiento laparoscópico en combinación con la inserción de tubos o “stent”, en las lesiones de vías biliares e intestino delgado producidas por colecistectomia laparoscópica. Entre abril 1992 y junio 1999, se realizaron 1,190 colecistectomias laparoscópicas. Sólo en los 70 primeros pacientes se efectuó una colangiografia intravenosa preoperatoria (IVC). En los restantes enfermos 1,120 se realizaron una IVC preoperatoria y una colangiografia intraoperatoria. Se detectaron 16 casos de lesiones de vias biliares (1.4%). 5 casos, con sección completa circunferencial del colédoco, se reconvirtieron realizándose la reconstrucción de la via biliar por cirugia abierta. Los otros 11 casos, con lesiones parciales o con fistulas del conducto cístico, fueron tratados mediante una simple sutura por vía laparoscópica. En 10 de estos pacientes y para descomprimir y facilitar el drenaje biliar se insertaron, al día siguiente de la reparación quirúrgica, por vía endoscópica, una sonda o un “stent”. En 7 pacientes (0.6%) se produjeron lesiones del intestino delgado. Tres de ellas se debieron a faltas técnicas; dos lesiones duodenales y otras dos intestinales fueron propiciadas por la existencia de densas adherencias. Todas estas lesiones se trataron con éxito por técnicas laparoscópicas bien con: autosutura o con suturas extracorpóreas, a través de la puerta umbilical. No se observó complicación postoperatoria alguna. Conclusión: excepción hecha de las secciones circunferenciales totales del colédoco, todas las otras lesiones tanto de las vías biliares como del intestino delgado pueden tratarse por vía laparoscópica.

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Correspondence to A.-Hon Kwon M.D..

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Kwon, AH., Inui, H. & Kamiyama, Y. Laparoscopic management of bile duct and bowel injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. World J. Surg. 25, 856–861 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-001-0040-5

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