Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Role of Homestead Forests in Adaptation to Climate Change: A Study on Households’ Perceptions and Relevant Factors in Bandarban Hill District, Bangladesh

  • Published:
Environmental Management Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Homestead forests play an important role in climate change adaptation and mitigation. This study investigated homestead forest owners’ perceptions on climate change and associated impacts, as well as the role that homestead forests could play to enhance households’ climate adaptation in Bandarban hill district of Bangladesh. Methods involved randomly surveying a total of 176 homestead households at three different hill altitudes: low, medium, and high. We also analyzed the meteorological data on local rainfall and temperature for the period of 1990 to 2019. Results showed that most (76–94%) of the homestead forest owners perceived an increasing erratic pattern of annual temperature and rainfall which was supported by the analysis of local meteorological data. Forest owners´ perceptions towards changes in tree phenology, increase in food insecurity, landslides, and pest infestation, and decrease in crop production, soil fertility, and seasonal streamflow were revealed as pieces of evidence of climate change impacts that varied significantly with hill altitudes and associated ecosystems. About 66% to 97% of the housheolds perceived that homestead forests could play a pivotal role in enhancing their capacity to adapt with the changing climate by supplying diverse products, services, and environmental benefits. Understanding and perceptions of the environmental benefits of homestead forests also significantly varied with the type of households´ construction, income, and literacy of the household members. Our results will help policymakers to ensure these small-scale homestead forests are conserved since they could also provide multiple environmental benefits e.g., carbon sequestration in addition to enhancing community climate adaptation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abdula AH (2021) The role of homestead agroforestry practice on the climate change adaptation and mitigation: a review. Int J Food Sci Agric 5(4):617–622

    Google Scholar 

  • Abdur Rashid Sarker M, Alam K, Gow J (2013) Assessing the determinants of rice farmers’ adaptation strategies to climate change in Bangladesh. Int J Clim Chang Strateg Manag 5:382–403. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCCSM-06-2012-0033

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alam GMM (2016) An assessment of the livelihood vulnerability of the riverbank erosion hazard and its impact on food security for rural households in Bangladesh. PhD Thesis 1–216

  • Alam GMM, Alam K, Mushtaq S (2017) Climate change perceptions and local adaptation strategies of hazard-prone rural households in Bangladesh. Clim Risk Manag. 17:52–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2017.06.006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alam GMM, Alam K, Mushtaq S, Khatun MN, Leal Filho W (2018) Strategies and barriers to adaptation of hazard-prone rural households in Bangladesh. Clim Chang Manag 11–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64599-5_2

  • Alam K (2015) Farmers’ adaptation to water scarcity in drought-prone environments: a case study of Rajshahi District, Bangladesh. Agric Water Manag. 148:196–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2014.10.011

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alam M, Furukawa Y, Mika M (2010) Perceptions, preferences, and attitude of bangladesh farmers towardsp homegarden farming systems. Small-scale 9:213–226. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11842-010-9111-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alam M, Sarker SK (2011) Homestead agroforestry in Bangladesh: dynamics of stand structure and biodiversity. J Sustain 30:584–599. https://doi.org/10.1080/10549811.2011.571606

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alauddin M, Sarker MAR (2014) Climate change and farm-level adaptation decisions and strategies in drought-prone and groundwater-depleted areas of Bangladesh: an empirical investigation. Ecol Econ 106:204–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.07.025

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alessandro P, Marta C (2012) Heterogeneity of linear forest formations: differing potential for biodiversity conservation. A case study in Italy. Agrofor Syst 86:83–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-012-9511-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alexander C, Bynum N, Johnson E, King U, Mustonen T, Neofotis P, Oettlé N, Rosenzweig C, Sakakibara C, Shadrin V, Vicarelli M, Waterhouse J, Weeks B (2011) Linking indigenous and scientific knowledge of climate change. Bioscience 61:477–484. https://doi.org/10.1525/bio.2011.61.6.10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anik SI, Khan MASA (2012) Climate change adaptation through local knowledge in the north eastern region of Bangladesh. Mitig Adapt Strateg Glob Chang 17:879–896. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-011-9350-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bandarban Sadar Upazila Office (2019) Bandarban. Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh

    Google Scholar 

  • Bardhan S, Jose S, Biswas S, Kabir K, Rogers W (2012) Homegarden agroforestry systems: an intermediary for biodiversity conservation in Bangladesh. Agrofor Syst 85:29–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-012-9515-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baul TK, Peuly TA, Nandi R, Kar SP, Mohiuddin M (2021a) Composition of homestead forests and their contribution to local livelihoods and environment: a study focused on Bandarban hill district, Bangladesh. Trees, Forests and People, 4, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tfp.2021.100117

  • Baul TK, Peuly TA, Nandi R, Schmidt LH, Karmakar S (2021b) Carbon stocks of homestead forests of the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh have a mitigation potential to climate change. Sci Rep 11:9254. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-88775-7

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baul TK, McDonald M (2015) Integration of indigenous knowledge in addressing climate change. Indian J Tradit Knowl 1(1):20−27

  • Baul TK, Ullah KMA, Tiwari KR, McDonald MA (2013) People’s local knowledge of climate change in the middle-hills of Nepal. Indian J Tradit Knowl 12(4):585−595

  • Baul TK, McDonald MA (2014) Agro-biodiversity management: using indigenous knowledge to cope with climate change in the middle-hills of Nepal. Agric Res 3:41–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40003-014-0096-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baul TK, Rahman MM, Moniruzzaman M, Nandi R (2015) Status, utilization, and conservation of agrobiodiversity in farms: a case study in the northwestern region of Bangladesh. Int J Biodivers Sci Ecosyst Serv Manag 3732:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/21513732.2015.1050456

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • BBS [Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics], 2018. Statistical Pocketbook of Bangladesh 2017. Statistics Division, Ministry of Planning, Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh

  • BMD [Bangladesh Metereological Department], 2019. Cox´s Bazar Metereological Station, Chittagong, Bangladesh.

  • Bryan E, Deressa TT, Gbetibouo GA, Ringler C (2009) Adaptation to climate change in Ethiopia and South Africa: options and constraints. Environ Sci Policy 12:413–426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2008.11.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Byg A, Salick J (2009) Local perspectives on a global phenomenon-Climate change in Eastern Tibetan villages. Glob Environ Chang 19:156–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2009.01.010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chapagain BK, Subedi R, Paudel NS, Editor P, Ojha HR (2009) Exploring local knowledge of climate change. Some J livelihood 8(1):106–112

    Google Scholar 

  • Cramer W, Yohe G, Auffhammer M, Huggel C, Molau U, da Silva Dias MAF, Solow A, Stone DA, Tibig L (2014) Detection and attribution of observed impacts coordinating lead authors: contributing authors: review editors:, climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

  • Fakhrul Islam SM (2011) Decision support system for ex ante cost-benefit assessment of new agro-technology in the context of climate change. Int J Sustain Soc 3:82–106. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSSOC.2011.038479

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foysal MA (2013) Economics of homestead forestry and their management activities at Fatickchari Upazila of Chittagong District, Bangladesh. Agric Fish 2:161. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.aff.20130204.12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gbedomon RC, Salako VK, Fandohan AB, Idohou AFR, Glèlè Kakaï R, Assogbadjo AE (2017) Functional diversity of home gardens and their agrobiodiversity conservation benefits in Benin, West Africa. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 13:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-017-0192-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Green D, Raygorodetsky G (2010) Indigenous knowledge of a changing climate. Clim Change 100:239–242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-010-9804-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gyampoh BA, Amisah S, Idinoba M, Nkem JN (2009) Using traditional knowledge to cope with climate change in rural Ghana. Unasylva 60:70–74

    Google Scholar 

  • Habiba U, Shaw R, Takeuchi Y (2012) Farmer’s perception and adaptation practices to cope with drought: perspectives from Northwestern Bangladesh. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct 1:72–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2012.05.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Halder P, Sharma R, Alam A (2012) Local perceptions of and responses to climate change: experiences from the natural resource-dependent communities in India. Reg Environ Chang 12:665–673. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-012-0281-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hanif MA, Roy RM, Bari MS, Ray PC, Rahman MS, Hasan MF (2018) Livelihood improvements through Agroforestry: evidence from Northern Bangladesh. Small-scale 17:505–522. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11842-018-9400-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heubes J, Heubach K, Schmidt M, Wittig R, Zizka G, Nuppenau E, Hahn K et al. (2012) Impact of future climate and land use change on non-timber forest product provision in Benin,West Africa: linking niche-based modeling with ecosystem service values. Econ Bot 66(4):383–397

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hitayezu P, Wale E, Ortmann G (2017) Assessing farmers’ perceptions about climate change: a double-hurdle approach. Clim Risk Manag 17:123–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2017.07.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hiwasaki L, Luna E, Syamsidik, Shaw R (2014) Process for integrating local and indigenous knowledge with science for hydro-meteorological disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation in coastal and small island communities. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct 10:15–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2014.07.007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hossain MA, Reza MI, Rahman S, Kayes I (2012) Climate change and its impacts on the livelihoods of the vulnerable people in the south western coastal zone in Bangladesh. In: W. Leal Filho (Ed.), Climate change and the sustainable use of water resources, Climate change management, Part 2, pp. 237–259

  • IPCC. 2018. Summary for Policymakers. In: Global warming of 1.5 °C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty. [V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, H. O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P. R. Shukla, A. Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. Péan, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J. B. R. Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M. I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T. Maycock, M. Tignor, T. Waterfield (eds.)]

  • Jaman MS, Hossain MF, Shariful I, Helal J, Jamil MG, Mizanur, R. M (2016) Quantification of carbon stock and tree diversity of homegardens in rangpur district. Bangladesh Int J Agric 6:169–180. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.ijaf.20160605.01

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jordan JC (2015) Swimming alone? The role of social capital in enhancing local resilience to climate stress: a case study from Bangladesh. Clim Dev 7:110–123. https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2014.934771

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kabir ME, Webb EL (2009) Household and homegarden characteristics in southwestern Bangladesh. Agrofor Syst 75:129–145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-008-9142-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kabir ME, Webb EL (2008a) Floristics and structure of southwestern Bangladesh homegardens. Int J Biodivers Sci Manag 4:54–64. https://doi.org/10.1080/17451590809618183

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kabir ME, Webb EL (2008b) Can homegardens conserve biodiversity in Bangladesh? Biotropica 40:95–103. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2007.00346.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khanal U, Wilson C, Hoang VN, Lee B (2018) Farmers’ adaptation to climate change, its determinants and impacts on rice yield in Nepal. Ecol Econ 144:139–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.08.006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kirkby P, Williams C, Huq S (2018) Community-based adaptation (CBA): adding conceptual clarity to the approach, and establishing its principles and challenges. Clim Dev 10:577–589. https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2017.1372265

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar T, Sarker A, Kumar T (2021) Restaurants’ waste in Chittagong city, Bangladesh: current management, awareness on environmental hazard and perception towards potential uses. J Clean Prod 292:126073. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126073

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lumsden LF, Bennett AF (2005) Scattered trees in rural landscapes: Foraging habitat for insectivorous bats in south-eastern Australia. Biol Conserv 122:205–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2004.07.006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mahmood SMS, Najneen F, Hoque KS, Rahman S, Shamim MM (2010) Climate change: a study on impact and people’s perception (A case study on MonglaUpazila, Bagerhat District, Bangladesh). Bangladesh Res Pub J 4:153–164

    Google Scholar 

  • Mani M, Bandyopadhyay S, Chonabayashi S, Markandya A, Mosier T (2018) South Asia’s Hotspots: the impact of temperature and precipitation changes on living standards, South Asia’s Hotspots: The impact of temperature and precipitation changes on living standards. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1155-5. Accessed 2 January 2021

  • Manning AD, Gibbons P, Lindenmayer DB (2009) Scattered trees: a complementary strategy for facilitating adaptive responses to climate change in modified landscapes? J Appl Ecol 46:915–919. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2009.01657.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mattsson E, Ostwald M, Nissanka SP, Pushpakumara DKNG (2015) Quantification of carbon stock and tree diversity of homegardens in a dry zone area of Moneragala district, Sri Lanka. Agrofor Syst 89:435–445. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-014-9780-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Menzel A, Sparks TH, Estrella N, Koch E, Aaasa A, Ahas R, Alm-Kübler K, Bissolli P, Braslavská O, Briede A, Chmielewski FM, Crepinsek Z, Curnel Y, Dahl Å, Defila C, Donnelly A, Filella Y, Jatczak K, Måge F, Mestre A, Nordli Ø, Peñuelas J, Pirinen P, Remišová V, Scheifinger H, Striz M, Susnik A, Van Vliet AJH, Wielgolaski FE, Zach S, Zust A (2006) European phenological response to climate change matches the warming pattern. Glob Chang Biol 12:1969–1976. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01193.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MoF (2020) Chapter 15: Environment and Development, Bangladesh Economic Review 2019. Finance Division, Ministry of Finance. 261–271

  • Monirul Alam GM, Alam K, Mushtaq S, Clarke ML (2017) Vulnerability to climatic change in riparian char and river-bank households in Bangladesh: Implication for policy, livelihoods and social development. Ecol Indic 72:23–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.06.045

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Motiur RM, Furukawa Y, Kawata I, Rahman MM, Alam M (2006) Role of homestead forests in household economy and factors affecting forest production: a case study in southwest Bangladesh. J Res 11:89–97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10310-005-0191-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muhammed N, Masum MFH, Hossain MM, Chakma S, Oesten G, Von Detten R (2011) Floral composition and biodiversity conservation in homestead forests in Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Int J Biodivers Sci Ecosyst Serv Manag 7:247–257. https://doi.org/10.1080/21513732.2011.629211

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mukul SA, Tito MR, Munim SA (2014) Can homegardens help save forests in Bangladesh? Domestic biomass fuel consumption patterns and implications for forest conservation in south-central Bangladesh. Int J Res Land-use Sustain 1(1):18–25

    Google Scholar 

  • Mukul SA, Biswas SR, M Manzoor Rashid AZ, Danesh Miah M, Enamul Kabir M, Belal Uddin M, Alamgir M, Ahmed Khan N, Shawkat Islam Sohel M, Shaheed Hossain Chowdhury M, Parvez Rana M, Ajijur Rahman S, Abu Sayed Arfin Khan M, Al-Amin Hoque M (2014) A new estimate of carbon for Bangladesh forest ecosystems with their spatial distribution and REDD+ implications. Int J Res Land-use Sustain 1:33–41. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.4864.2166

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nath TK, Aziz N, Inoue M (2015) Contribution of homestead forests to rural economy and climate change mitigation: a study from the ecologically critical area of Cox’s Bazar—Teknaf Peninsula, Bangladesh. Small-scale 14:1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11842-014-9270-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Osman KS, Jashimuddin M, Haque SMS, Miah S (2013) Effect of shifting cultivation on soil physical and chemical properties in Bandarban hill district, Bangladesh. J Res 24:791–795. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-013-0368-3

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patt AG, Schröter D (2007) Perceptions of environmental risks in Mozambique: implications for the success of adaptation and coping strategies. The World Bank Development Research Group,Sustainable Rural and Urban Development, Policy Research Working Paper 4417

  • Pautasso M, Döring TF, Garbelotto M, Pellis L, Jeger MJ (2012) Impacts of climate change on plant diseases-opinions and trends. Eur J Plant Pathol 133:295–313. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-012-9936-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Plieninger T, Mainou JMY, Konold W (2004) Land manager attitudes toward man- agement, regeneration, and conservation of Spanish holm oak savannas (dehesas). Landsc Urban Plan 66:185–198

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rahman HMT, Hickey GM, Sarker SK (2015) Examining the role of social capital in community collective action for sustainable Wetland Fisheries in Bangladesh. Wetlands 35:487–499. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-015-0635-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rahman MH, Alam K (2016) Forest dependent indigenous communities’ perception and adaptation to climate change through local knowledge in the protected area-A Bangladesh Case Study. Climate 4:1–25. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli4010012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rashid MH, Afroz S, Gaydon D, Muttaleb A, Poulton P, Roth C, Abedin Z (2014) Climate change perception and adaptation options for agriculture in Southern Khulna of Bangladesh. Appl Ecol Environ Sci 2:25–31. https://doi.org/10.12691/aees-2-1-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rea LM, Parker RA (1997) Designing and Conducting Survey Research: A Comprehensive Guide. Jossey-Bass Publishers, San Fransisco, USA, p 27–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roy B, Rahman MH, Fardusi MJ (2013) Status, diversity, and traditional uses of homestead gardens in Northern Bangladesh: a means of sustainable biodiversity conservation. ISRN Biodivers 2013:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/124103

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saha N, Azam MA (2004) The indigenous hill-farming system of Khasia tribes in moulvibazar district of Bangladesh: Status and impacts. Small-scale Econ Manag Policy 3:273–281. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11842-004-0019-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salam MA, Noguchi T, Koike M (2000) Understanding why farmers plant trees in the homestead agroforestry in Bangladesh. Agrofor Syst 50:77–93. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006403101782

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma E, Tsering L (2009) Climate change in the Himalayas: the vulnerability of biodiversity. Biodivers Clim Chang Himalayas Sustain Mt Dev 55:10–12

    Google Scholar 

  • SRDI (2018) Soil resource development institute. Annu Report Soil Resour Dev Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh

    Google Scholar 

  • Sumukwo J, Wario A, Kiptui M, Cheserek G, Kipkoech AK (2013) Valuation of natu- ral insurance demand for nontimber forest products in South Nandi, Kenya. J Emerg Trends Econ Manag Sci 4(1):89–97

    Google Scholar 

  • Talukdar NR, Choudhury P, Barbhuiya RA, Singh B (2021) Importance of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) in rural livelihood: a study in Patharia Hills Reserve Forest, northeast India. Trees, For People 3:100042

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas T, Mainuddin K, Chiang C, Rahman A, Haque A, Islam N, Quasem S, Sun Y (2013) Agriculture and adaptation in Bangladesh: current and projected impacts of climate change. SSRN Electron. J. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2310087

  • Tol RSJ (2006) The stern review of the economics of climate change: a comment. Energy Environ 17:977–981. https://doi.org/10.1260/095830506779398911

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tuihedur Rahman HM, Hickey GM, Ford JD, Egan MA (2018) Climate change research in Bangladesh: research gaps and implications for adaptation-related decision-making. Reg Environ Chang 18:1535–1553. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-017-1271-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Uddin MB, Mukul SA (2007) Improving Forest Dependent Livelihoods through NTFPs and Home Gardens: A case study from Satchari National Park. In: Fox J, Bushley B, Dutt S, Quazi SA (eds.) Making Conservation Work: Linking Rural Livelihoods and Protected Areas in Bangladesh. East-West Center and Dhaka: Nishorgo Support Project of Bangladesh Forest Department, Hawaii, p 13–35

    Google Scholar 

  • UNSD (2005) Designing Household Survey Samples: Practical Guidelines. United Nations ST/ESA/STA, 264

  • World Bank (2013) Turn down the heat: climate extremes, regional impacts, and the case for resilience. A report for theWorld Bank by the PotsdamInstitute for climate impact research and climate analytics. World Bank, Washington, D.C

    Google Scholar 

  • Zaman S (2010) Structure and diversity of homegarden agroforestry in Thakurgaon District, Bangladesh. Open Sci J 3:38–44. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874398601003010038

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors are highly thankful to the homestead forest owners for giving valuable time in the survey. In addition, Bangladesh Meteorological Department is highly acknowledged for providing local meteorological data of 30 years. The authors are also thankful to the government offices of the study area for providing secondary data. The Research Cell of the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh is cordially acknowledged for providing the grant.

Funding

This work was mainly funded by the Research Cell of the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, 4331, Bangladesh

    Tarit Kumar Baul, Tajkera Akhter Peuly, Rajasree Nandi & Shyamal Karmakar

  2. University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA

    Shiba Kar

Authors
  1. Tarit Kumar Baul
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Tajkera Akhter Peuly
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Rajasree Nandi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Shiba Kar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Shyamal Karmakar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tarit Kumar Baul.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Consent for Publication

All authors have approved and agreed to submit this manuscript to this journal.

Additional information

Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Baul, T.K., Peuly, T.A., Nandi, R. et al. Role of Homestead Forests in Adaptation to Climate Change: A Study on Households’ Perceptions and Relevant Factors in Bandarban Hill District, Bangladesh. Environmental Management 69, 906–918 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-022-01598-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-022-01598-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation