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Governing Landscapes for Ecosystem Services: A Participatory Land-Use Scenario Development in the Northwest Montane Region of Vietnam

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Abstract

Land-use planning is an important policy instrument for governing landscapes to achieve multifunctionality in rural areas. This paper presents a case study conducted in Na Nhan commune in the northwest montane region of Vietnam to assess land-use strategies toward multiple ecosystem services, through integrated land-use planning. The assessment employed the Land-Use Planning for Multiple Ecosystem Services (LUMENS) framework and a number of methods and tools, including land-use mapping, GIS-based land-use change analysis, survey questionnaire, rapid carbon-stock appraisal for different land uses, qualitative ecosystem services assessment, and a backcasting technique. Our findings suggest that a lack of participation and acknowledgement of customary land-use practices inhibit successful implementation of current land-use planning and relevant policies such as payment for forest environmental services and the nationally determined contributions. The study also confirmed the contributions of forests and the land-use sector in achieving national emission reduction targets, especially when local stakeholders are involved early in the planning process. Other findings with important policy implications are: (i) tree-based land uses such as agroforestry are key to securing multiple ecosystem services and are highly relevant to local stakeholders, yet their potentials were not made explicit in current debates at the local level; (ii) local stakeholders are highly aware of the co-benefits of ecosystem services to climate-change mitigation and this should be considered in nationally determined contributions; and (iii) an approach for integrated, participatory land-use planning can help catalyze stakeholder engagement, and hence improve governance in rural landscapes.

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Notes

  1. NDCs are efforts of the signatories to the Paris Agreement to reduce national emissions and adapt to climate-change impacts. Article 4, paragraph 2 of the Paris Agreement requires “each Party to prepare, communicate and maintain successive NDCs that it intends to achieve” through domestic mitigation measures.

  2. Decision No. 59/2015/QD-TTg issued on November 19, 2015 of the Prime Minister of Vietnam on promulgating the multidimensional approach to poverty standard for the period of 2016–2020.

  3. Circular No. 34/2009/TT-BNNPTNT of MARD on criteria for forest definition and forest classification.

  4. Circular No. 28/2014/TT-BTNMT issued on June 2, 2014 of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment on regulations on land statistics and inventory and mapping land-use status.

  5. ibid.

  6. Google Earth Pro Software by Google LLC.

  7. Available at https://sourceforge.net/projects/redd-abacus/.

  8. “Clean agriculture” was perceived by participants as agricultural practices that demand less “toxic” chemical inputs and therefore produce “safe” products that can be sold at higher market price. In the local context, this was particularly relevant to annual crops of canna (Canna edulis), peanut (Arachis hypogaea), and taro (Colocasia antiquorum), those have high market demands but at the same time are often perceived by customers as “unsafe food,” i.e., containing harmful chemical substances.

  9. PFES is Payment for Forest Environmental Services policy that has been implemented in Vietnam since 2010. The policy requires hydropower, water supply, and tourism companies to pay forest holders for environmental services provided as input for their business. Payment is based on fixed rates and made through a Government trust fund.

  10. It should be noted that Vietnam’s NDCs are now under revision, and agroforestry has been added as one of the mitigation options in LULUCF sector. However, this could only be confirmed upon an official approval by the Government.

  11. Law on Planning was passed by the National Assembly of Vietnam on November 24, 2017.

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Acknowledgements

This research was funded by the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Grant number FST/2016/152; and the research programs on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (TFA) and the Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM) Programme of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research. We thank our colleagues from the World Agroforestry, the Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences, and the Soils and Fertilizers Research Institute who provided insights and expertise that greatly assisted the research. We would also like to thank the officials and staff of the Extension Centre of Dien Bien Province, Na Nhan Commune People’s Committee in Dien Bien Province, as well as the village leaders for their active participation and support to our field activities. We thank the men and women farmers who openly shared information, their perspectives, and insights during the surveys, discussions, and other activities during the study period. Finally, we thank the anonymous reviewers and guest editors of this special issue for their careful reading of our manuscript and their many insightful comments and suggestions.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. World Agroforestry (ICRAF) Vietnam, HCMCC Tower, 249A Thuy Khue, Hanoi, Vietnam

    Trong Hoan Do & Delia Catacutan

  2. Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences, Duc Thang Ward, Bac Tu Liem, Hanoi, Vietnam

    Tan Phuong Vu & Van Truong Nguyen

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  1. Trong Hoan Do
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  2. Tan Phuong Vu
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Contributions

Conceptualization: DTH, VTP, and DC; methodology: DTH and VTP; software: DTH; validation: VTP and NVT; analysis: DTH, NVT, and VTP; investigation: DTH and NVT; data processing: NVT and VTP; writing—original draft preparation: DTH; writing—review and editing: DC; visualization: NVT; supervision, project administration, and funding acquisition: DC.

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Appendix

Appendix

Table 6 Land-use change matrix 2005–2015 in Na Nhan commune, Dien Bien province
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Do, T.H., Vu, T.P., Catacutan, D. et al. Governing Landscapes for Ecosystem Services: A Participatory Land-Use Scenario Development in the Northwest Montane Region of Vietnam. Environmental Management 68, 665–682 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-020-01378-2

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