Abstract
The objectives of this study are to monitor the physicochemical properties of two freshwater lakes with different chemical characteristics and trophic status over a year (2019) and assess the bacterial diversity by a high-throughput sequencing method for a certain time. Carlson Trophic Index analysis revealed that, whereas the deep lake, Iznik Lake, (TSImean = 48.9) has mesotrophic characteristics, the shallow lake Manyas Lake (TSImean = 74.2) was found at a hypertrophic status. The most important parameters controlling water qualities in the lakes were temperature, alkalinity, and phosphate levels. Although the bacterial communities were dominated by the same phyla (Cyanobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinomicrobia, Proteobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia) in both lakes, the communities differed distinctly at the lower levels. Whereas Sporichthyaceae in Manyas Lake accounted for 10% of the total reads, the major share of the sequences was assigned to Cyanobacteria Family I (8%) in Iznik Lake. The hypertrophic Manyas Lake had a more diverse bacterial community rather than Iznik Lake and contained higher numbers of unique Operational Taxonomic Units.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Akcaalan R, Köker L, Oğuz A et al. (2014) First report of cylindrospermopsin production by two cyanobacteria (Dolichospermum mendotae and Chrysosporum ovalisporum) in Lake Iznik, Turkey. Toxins (Basel) 6:3173–3186. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins6113173
Akcaalan R, Mazur-Marzec H, Zalewska A, Albay M (2009) Phenotypic and toxicological characterization of toxic Nodularia spumigena from a freshwater lake in Turkey. Harmful Algae 8:273–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2008.06.007
Albay M, Akcaalan R (2003) Comparative study of periphyton colonisation on common reed (Phragmites australis) and artificial substrate in a shallow lake, Manyas, Turkey. Hydrobiologia 506–509:531–540. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:HYDR.0000008606.69572.f6
Andersson AF, Riemann L, Bertilsson S (2010) Pyrosequencing reveals contrasting seasonal dynamics of taxa within Baltic Sea bacterioplankton communities. ISME J 4:171–181. https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2009.108
Bolger AM, Lohse M, Usadel B (2014) Trimmomatic: A flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data. Bioinformatics 30(15):2114–2120. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu170
Cai H, Jiang H, Krumholz LR, Yang Z (2014) Bacterial community composition of size-fractioned aggregates within the phycosphere of cyanobacterial blooms in a eutrophic freshwater lake. PLoS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0102879
Callahan BJ, McMurdie PJ, Rosen MJ et al. (2016) DADA2: High-resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data. Nat Methods 13:581–583. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.3869
Caporaso JG, Kuczynski J, Stombaugh J et al. (2010) QIIME allows analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data. Nat Methods 7:335–336. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.f.303
Carlson RE (1977) A trophic state index for lakes. Limnol Oceanogr 22:361–369. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1977.22.2.0361
Diao M, Sinnige R, Kalbitz K et al. (2017) Succession of bacterial communities in a seasonally stratified lake with an anoxic and sulfidic hypolimnion. Front Microbiol 8:1–15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.02511
Dorak Z, Koker L, Saglam O et al. (2017) Determination of zooplankton community structure, biomass and trophic state of a shallow turbid lake. Fresenius Environ Bull 26:834–845
Edgar RC (2010) Search and clustering orders of magnitude faster than BLAST. Bioinformatics 26(19):2460–2461. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btq461
Feng C, Jia J, Wang C et al. (2019) Phytoplankton and bacterial community structure in two chinese lakes of different trophic status. Microorganisms. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7120621
Herlemann DPR, Lundin D, Labrenz M et al. (2013) Metagenomic de novo assembly of an aquatic representative of the verrucomicrobial class spartobacteria. MBio 4:1–3. https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00569-12
Ji B, Qin H, Guo S et al. (2018) Bacterial communities of four adjacent fresh lakes at different trophic status. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 157:388–394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.03.086
Kiersztyn B, Chróst R, Kaliński T et al. (2019) Structural and functional microbial diversity along a eutrophication gradient of interconnected lakes undergoing anthropopressure. Sci Rep. 9:11144. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-47577-8
Koker L, Akcaalan R, Oguz A et al. (2017) Distribution of toxic cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in Turkish waterbodies. J Environ Prot Ecol 18:425–432
Lindström ES, Kamst-Van Agterveld MP, Zwart G (2005) Distribution of typical freshwater bacterial groups is associated with pH, temperature, and lake water retention time. Appl Environ Microbiol 71:8201–8206. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.71.12.8201-8206.2005
Liu W, Li S, Bu H et al. (2012) Eutrophication in the Yunnan Plateau lakes: the influence of lake morphology, watershed land use, and socioeconomic factors. Environ Sci Pollut Res 19:858–870. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-011-0616-z
Llirós M, Inceoʇlu Ö, García-Armisen T et al. (2014) Bacterial community composition in three freshwater reservoirs of different alkalinity and trophic status. PLoS ONE 9:1–27. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0116145
Ma Y, Li J, Wu J et al. (2018) Bacterial and fungal community composition and functional activity associated with lake wetland water level gradients. Sci Rep. 8:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-19153-z
Mutlu MB, Poyraz N (2017) Determination of prokaryotic diversity of Salda Lake by next generation sequencing Mmethod. J Inst Sci Technol 7:99–106. https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.2017.167
Nakatsu CH, Byappanahalli MN, Nevers MB (2019) Bacterial community 16S rRNA gene sequencing characterizes riverine microbial impact on Lake Michigan. Front Microbiol 10:1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.00996
Newton RJ, Jones SE, Eiler A et al. (2011) A Guide to the Natural History of Freshwater Lake Bacteria. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 75(1):14–49
Nush EA (1980) Comparison of different methods for chlorophyll and phaeopigment determination. Arch Hydrobiol/Ergeb Limnol 14:14–36
Oliveros JC (2007) VENNY. An interactive tool for comparing lists with Venn Diagrams. BioinfoGP of CNB-CSIC. http://bioinfogp.cnnb.csic.es/tools/venny/index.ht
Poyraz N, Mutlu MB (2008) Alkaliphilic bacterial diversity of Lake Van/Turkey. Biol Divers Conserv 1:92–103
R Core Team (2015) R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing
Saluja R, Garg JK (2017) Trophic state assessment of Bhindawas Lake, Haryana, India. Environ Monit Assess. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-016-5735-z
Wang J, Fu Z, Qiao H, Liu F (2019) Assessment of eutrophication and water quality in the estuarine area of Lake Wuli, Lake Taihu, China. Sci Total Environ 650:1392–1402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.137
Watson SB, McCauley E, Downing JA (1997) Patterns in phytoplankton taxonomic composition across temperate lakes of differing nutrient status. Limnol Oceanogr 42:487–495. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1997.42.3.0487
Wetzel R (2001) Limnology 3rd Edition Lake and River Ecosystems. Academic Press, An Imprint of Elsevier
Woodhouse JN, Kinsela AS, Collins RN et al. (2016) Microbial communities reflect temporal changes in cyanobacterial composition in a shallow ephemeral freshwater lake. ISME J 10:1337–1351. https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2015.218
Yannarell AC, Kent AD, Lauster GH et al. (2003) Temporal patterns in bacterial communities in three temperate lakes of different trophic status. Micro Ecol 46:391–405. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-003-1008-9
Zwirglmaier K, Keiz K, Engel M et al. (2015) Seasonal and spatial patterns of microbial diversity along a trophic gradient in the interconnected lakes of the Osterseen Lake District, Bavaria. Front Microbiol 6:1–18. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.01168
Acknowledgements
We would like to acknowledge Dr. Gülşah Saç for her kind help in sampling.
Funding
This study was supported by TUBITAK (Project No 116Y406) and Istanbul University Research Found (Project No 30942).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ozbayram, E.G., Koker, L., Akçaalan, R. et al. Contrasting the Water Quality and Bacterial Community Patterns in Shallow and Deep Lakes: Manyas vs. Iznik. Environmental Management 67, 506–512 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-020-01357-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-020-01357-7