Abstract
The multiple scale of stream networks spatial organization reflects the hierarchical arrangement of streams habitats with increasingly levels of complexity from sub-catchments until entire hydrographic basins. Through these multiple spatial scales, local stream habitats form nested subsets of increasingly landscape scale and habitat size with varying contributions of both alpha and beta diversity for the regional diversity. Here, we aimed to test the relative importance of multiple nested hierarchical levels of spatial scales while determining alpha and beta diversity of caddisflies in regions with different levels of landscape degradation in a core Cerrado area in Brazil. We used quantitative environmental variables to test the hypothesis that landscape homogenization affects the contribution of alpha and beta diversity of caddisflies to regional diversity. We found that the contribution of alpha and beta diversity for gamma diversity varied according to landscape degradation. Sub-catchments with more intense agriculture had lower diversity at multiple levels, markedly alpha and beta diversities. We have also found that environmental predictors mainly associated with water quality, channel size, and habitat integrity (lower scores indicate stream degradation) were related to community dissimilarity at the catchment scale. For an effective management of the headwater biodiversity of caddisfly, towards the conservation of these catchments, heterogeneous streams with more pristine riparian vegetation found within the river basin need to be preserved in protected areas. Additionally, in the most degraded areas the restoration of riparian vegetation and size increase of protected areas will be needed to accomplish such effort.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Allan JD (2004) Landscapes and riverscapes: the influence of land use on stream ecosystems. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 35:257–284
Allan JD, Castillo MM (2007) Stream ecology: structure and function of running waters. Springer, Dordrecht, p 436
Anderson MJ (2001a) Permutation tests for univariate or multivariate analysis of variance and regression. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 58:626–639
Anderson MJ (2001b) A new method for non-parametric multivariate analysis of variance. Austral Ecol 26:32–46
Anderson MJ, Crist TO, Chase JM, Vellend M, Inouye BD, Freestone AL, Sanders NJ, Cornell HV, Comita LS, Davies KF, Harrison SP, Kraft NJB, Stegen JC, Swenson NG (2011) Navigating the multiple meanings of β diversity: a roadmap for the practicing ecologist. Ecol Lett 14:19–28
Ávila AC, Stenert C, Maltchik L (2011) Partitioning macroinvertebrate diversity across different spatial scales in Southern Brazil Coastal Wetlands. Wetlands 31:459–469
Baccaro FB, De Souza JLP, Franklin E, Landeiro VL, Magnusson WE (2012) Limited effects of dominant ants on assemblage species richness in three Amazon forests. Ecol Entomol 37:1–12
Baptista DF, Henriques-Oliveira AL, Oliveira RBS, Mugnai R, Nessimian JL, Buss DF (2013) Development of a benthic multimetric index for the Serra da Bocaina bioregion in Southeast Brazil. Braz J Biol 73:573–583
Barragán F, Moreno CE, Escobar F, Halffter G, Navarrete D (2011) Negative impacts of human land use on dung beetle functional diversity. PloS One 6(3):e17976
Bispo PC, Oliveira LG, Cresci VL, Silva MM (2001) A pluviosidade como fator de alteração da entomofauna bentônica em córregos do Planalto Central do Brasil. Acta Limnol Bras 13:01–09
Brown BL (2003) Spatial heterogeneity reduces temporal variability in stream insect communities. Ecol Lett 6:316–325
Brown BL, Swan CM (2010) Dendritic network structure constrains metacommunity properties in riverine ecosystems. J Anim Ecol 79:571–580
Brown BL, Swan CM, Auerbach DA, Grant EHC, Hitt NP, Maloney KO, Patrick C (2011) Metacommunity theory as a multispecies, multiscale framework for studying the influence of river network structure on riverine communities and ecosystems. J North Am Benthol Soc 30:310–327
Buss DF, Baptista DF, Nessimian JL, Egler M (2004) Substrate specificity, environmental degradation and disturbance structuring macroinvertebrate assemblages in neotropical streams. Hydrobiologia 518:179–188
Cadotte MW, Fukami T (2005) Dispersal, spatial scale, and species diversity in a hierarchically structured experimental landscape. Ecol Lett 8:548–557
Carvalho FMV, De Marco P, Ferreira LG (2009) The Cerrado into-pieces: Habitat fragmentation as a function of landscape use in the savannas of central Brazil. Biol Conserv 142:1392–1403
Chakona A, Phiri C, Day JA (2008) Potential for Trichoptera communities as biological indicators of morphological degradation in riverine systems. Hydrobiologia 621:155–167
Chandy S, Gibson DJ, Robertson PA (2006) Additive partitioning of diversity across hierarchical spatial scales in a forested landscape. J Appl Ecol 43:792–801
Clarke A, Mac Nally R, Bond N, Lake PS (2008) Macroinvertebrate diversity in headwater streams: a review. Freshw Biol 53:1707–1721
Clarke A, Nally RM, Bond NR, Lake PS (2010) Conserving macroinvertebrate diversity in headwater streams: the importance of knowing the relative contributions of α and β diversity. Divers Distrib 16:725–736
Collier KJ, Smith BJ (1998) Dispersal of adult caddisflies (Trichoptera) into forests alongside three New Zealand streams. Hydrobiologia 361:53–65
Colwell RK, Chao A, Gotelli NJ, Lin S, Mao CX, Chazdon RL, Longino JT (2012) Models and estimators linking rarefaction, extrapolation and comparison of assemblages. J Plant Ecol 5:3–21
Colzani E, Siqueira T, Suriano MT, Roque FO (2013) Responses of aquatic insect functional diversity to landscape changes in Atlantic. Biotropica 0:1–8
Cook SC, Housley L, Back JA, King RS (2017) Freshwater eutrophication drives sharp reductions in temporal beta diversity. Ecology https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.2069
Costa SS, Melo AS (2007) Beta diversity in stream macroinvertebrate assemblages: among-site and among-microhabitat components. Hydrobiologia 598:131–138
Crist TO, Pradhan-Devare SV, Summerville KS (2006) Spatial variation in insect community and species responses to habitat loss and plant community composition. Oecologia 147:510–521
Crist TO, Veech JA (2006) Additive partitioning of rarefaction curves and species-area relationships: unifying alpha-, beta- and gamma-diversity with sample size and habitat area. Ecol Lett 9:923–932
Crist TO, Veech JA, Gering JC, Summerville KS (2003) Partitioning species diversity across landscapes and regions: a hierarchical analysis of alpha, beta, and gamma diversity. Am Nat 162:734–743
Cushman SA, Mcgarigal K (2002) Hierarchical, multi-scale decomposition of species-environment relationships. Landsc Ecol 17:637–646
Death RG, Collier KJ (2010) Measuring stream macroinvertebrate responses to gradients of vegetation cover: when is enough enough? Freshw Biol 55:1447–1464
Diniz-Filho JAF, Oliveira LG, Silva M (1998) Explaining the beta diversity of aquatic insects in Cerrado streams from central Brazil using multiple Matel Test. Rev Bras Biol 58:223–231
Diniz-Filho JAF, Bini LM, Hawkins BA (2003) Spatial autocorrelation and red herrings in geographical ecology. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 12:53–64
Domínguez E, Fernández HR (2001) Guia para la determinación de los artrópodos bentónicos sudamericanos. Editora Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucuman, p 251
Dray S, Pélissier R, Coutenon P, Fortin MJ, Legendre P, Peres-Neto PR, Bellier E, Bivand R, Blanchet FG, De Cáceres M, Dufour AB, Heegaard E, Jombart T, Munoz F, Oksanen J, Thioulouse J, Wagner HH (2012) Community ecology in the age of multivariate multiscale spatial analysis. Ecol Monogra 82:257–275
Erős T, Schmera D, Schick RS (2011) Network thinking in riverscape conservation–A graph-based approach. Biol Conserv 144:184–192
Finn DS, Bonada N, Múrria C, Hughes JM (2011) Small but mighty: headwaters are vital to stream network biodiversity at two levels of organization. J North Am Benthol Soc 30:963–980
Flint OS, Holzenthal RW, Harrison SC (1999) Catalog of the Neotropical Caddisflies (Insecta: Trichoptera). Ohio Biological Survey, Ohio, p 239
Flohre A, Fischer C, Aavik T, Bengtsson J, Berendse F, Bommarco R, Ceryngier P, Clement LW, Dennis C, Eggers S, Emmerson M, Geiger F, Guerrero I, Hawro V, Inchausti P, Liira J, Morales MB, Oñate JJ, Pärt T, Weisser WW, Winqvist C, Thies C, Tscharntke T (2011) Agricultural intensification and biodiversity partitioning in European landscapes comparing plants, carabids, and birds. Ecol Appl 21:1772–1781
Flynn DFB, Gogol-Prokurat M, Nogeire T, Molinari N, Richers BT, Lin BB, Simpson N, Mayfield MM, DeClerck F (2009) Loss of functional diversity under land use intensification across multiple taxa. Ecol Lett 12:22–33
Freestone AL, Inouye BD (2006) Dispersal limitation and environmental heterogeneity shape scale-dependent diversity patterns in plant communities. Ecology 87:2425–2432
Frissel CA, Liss WJ, Warren CE, Hurley MD (1986) A hierarchical framework for stream habitat classification: viewing streams in a waterched context. Environ Manag 10(2):199–214
Galbraith HS, Vaughn CC, Meier CK (2007) Environmental variables interact across spatial scales to structure trichopteran assemblages in Ouachita Mountain rivers. Hydrobiologia 596:401–411
Gering JC, Crist TO (2002) The alpha–beta–regional relationship: providing new insights into local–regional patterns of species richness and scale dependence of diversity components. Ecol Lett 5:433–444
Gering JC, Crist TO, Veech JA (2003) Additive partitioning of species diversity across multiple spatial scales: implications for regional conservation of biodiversity. Conserv Biol 17:488–499
Gombeer SC, Knapen D, Bervoets L (2011) The influence of different spatial-scale variables on caddisfly assemblages in flemish lowland streams. Ecol Entomol 36:355–368
Gotelli NJ, Colwell RK (2001) Quantifying biodiversity: procedures and pitfalls in the measurement and comparison of species richness. Ecol Lett 4:379–391
Griffith JA, Martinko EA, Whistler JL, Price KP (2002) Interrelationships among landscapes, NDVI, and stream water quality in the U. S. central plains. Ecol Appl 12:1702–1718
Harden CP, Chin A, English MR, Fu R, Galvin KA, Gerlak AK, McDowell PF, McNamara DE, Peterson JM, Poff NL, Rosa EA, Solecki WD, Wohl EE (2014) Understanding human–landscape interactions in the “Anthropocene”. Environ Manag 53(1):4–13
Harding JS, Benfield EF, Bolstad PV, Helfman GS, Jones EB (1998) Stream biodiversity: the ghost of land use past. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:14843–14847
Heino J, Mykrä H (2008) Control of stream insect assemblages: roles of spatial configuration and local environmental factors. Ecol Entomol 33:614–622
Heino J, Grönroos M, Ilmonen J, Karhu T, Niva M, Paasivirta L (2013) Environmental heterogeneity and β diversity of stream macroinvertebrate communities at intermediate spatial scales. Freshw Sci 32:142–154
Heino J, Grönroos M, Soininen J, Virtanen R, Muotka T (2012) Context dependency and metacommunity structuring in boreal headwater streams. Oikos 121:537–544
Heino J, Melo AS, Bini LM (2015) Reconceptualising the beta diversity-environmental heterogeneity relationship in running water systems. Freshw Biol 60:223–235
Hepp LU, Melo AS (2013) Dissimilarity of stream insect assemblages: effects of multiple scales and spatial distances. Hydrobiologia 703:239–246
Hunt L, Bonetto C, Marrochi N, Scalise A, Fanelli S, Liess M, Lydy MJ, Chiu M-C, Resh VH (2017a) Species at risk (SPEAR) index indicates effects of insecticides on stream invertebrate communities in soy production regions of the Argentine Pampas. Sci Total Environ 580:699–709
Hunt L, Marrochi N, Bonetto C, Liess M, Buss DF, Vieira da Silva C, Chiu MC, Resh VH (2017b) Do riparian buffers protect stream invertebrate communities in south american atlantic forest agricultural areas? Environ Manag 60:1155–1170
Jost L, DeVries P, Walla T, Greeney H, Chao A, Ricotta C (2010) Partitioning diversity for conservation analyses. Divers Distrib 16:65–76
Juen L, De Marco P (2011) Odonate biodiversity in terra-firme forest streamlets in Central Amazonia: on the relative effects of neutral and niche drivers at small geographical extents. Insect Conserv Divers 4:265–274
Jurasinski G, Retzer V, Beierkuhnlein C (2009) Inventory, differentiation, and proportional diversity: a consistent terminology for quantifying species diversity. Oecologia 159:15–26
Kanno Y, Russ WT, Sutherland CJ, Cook SB (2012) Prioritizing aquatic conservation areas using spatial patterns and partitioning of fish community diversity in a near-natural temperate basin. Aquat Conserv 22:799–812
Laliberté E, Legendre P (2010) A distance-based framework for measuring functional diversity from multiple traits. Ecology 91:299–305
Landeiro VL, Bini LM, Melo AS, Pes AMO, Magnusson WE (2012) The roles of dispersal limitation and environmental conditions in controlling caddisfly (Trichoptera) assemblages. Freshw Biol 57:1554–1564
Legendre P (1993) Spatial autocorrelation: trouble or new paradigm? Ecology 74:1659–1673
Legendre P, Anderson MJ (1999) Distance-based redundancy analysis: testing multispecies responses in multifactorial ecological experiments. Ecol Monogr 69:1–24
Legendre P, Legendre L (2012) Numerical Ecology. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, p 990
Leibold MA, Holyoak M, Mouquet N, Amarasekare P, Chase JM, Hoopes MF, Holt RD, Shurin JB, Law R, Tilman D, Loreau M, Gonzalez A (2004) The metacommunity concept: a framework for multi-scale community ecology. Ecol Lett 7:601–613
Lessard J-P, Borregaard MK, Fordyce JA, Rahbek C, Weiser MD, Dunn RR, Sanders NJ (2012) Strong influence of regional species pools on continent-wide structuring of local communities. Proc R Soc Biol Sci 279:266–274
Ligeiro R, Melo AS, Callisto M (2010) Spatial scale and the diversity of macroinvertebrates in a neotropical catchment. Freshw Biol 55:424–435
Linke S, Pressey RL, Bailey RC, Norris RH (2007) Management options for river conservation planning: condition and conservation re-visited. Freshw Biol 52:918–938
Löbel S, Rydin H (2009) Dispersal and life history strategies in epiphyte metacommunities: alternative solutions to survival in patchy, dynamic landscapes. Oecologia 161:569–579
Lomolino MV (2004) Conservation biogeography. In: Lomolino MV, Heaney LR (ed) Frontiers of Biogeography: new directions in the geography of nature. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts, pp 293–296
Mackay R, Wiggins G (1979) Ecological diversity in Trichoptera. Annu Rev Entomol 24:185–208
McArdle B, Anderson MJ (2001) Fitting multivariate models to community data: a comment on distance-based redundancy analysis. Ecology 82:290–297
Merritt RW, Cummins KW (1996) An introduction to the aquatic insects of North America. Kdall Hunt Piblishing Company, Iowa, p 441
Meyer JL, Strayer DL, Wallace JB, Eggert SL, Helfman GS, Leonard NE (2007) The contribution of headwater streams to biodiversity in river networks1. JAWRA J Am Water Resour Assoc 43:86–103
Minshall GW, Petersen RC, Bott TL, Cushing CE, Cummins KW, Vannote RL, Sedell JR (1992) Stream ecosystem dynamics of the Salmon River, Idaho: an 8th-order system. J North Am Benthol Soc 11:111–137
Morse JC (2016) Trichoptera world checklist. http://entweb.clemson.edu/database/trichopt/index.htm. Accessed 15 Dec 2016
Myers N, Mittermeier RA, Mittermeier CG (2000) Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403:853–858
Mykrä H, Heino J, Muotka T (2007) Scale-related patterns in the spatial and environmental components of stream macroinvertebrate assemblage variation. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 16:149–159
Nessimian JL, Venticinque EM, Zuanon J, Marco P, Gordo M, Fidelis L, Batista JD, Juen L (2008) Land use, habitat integrity, and aquatic insect assemblages in Central Amazonian streams Hydrobiologia 614(1):117–131
Niyogi DK, Koren M, Arbuckle CJ, Townsend CR (2007) Stream communities along a catchment land-use gradient: subsidy-stress responses to pastoral development. Environ Manag 39:213–225
Olden JD, Poff NL, McKinney ML (2006) Forecasting faunal and floral homogenization associated with human population geography in North America. Biol Conserv 127(3):261–271
Pes AMO, Hamada N, Nessimian JL (2005) Chaves de identificação de larvas para famílias e gêneros de Trichoptera (Insecta) da Amazônia Central, Brasil. Rev Bras De Èntomol 181:181–204
Peres-Neto PR, Jackson DA, Somers KM (2005) How many principal components? Stopping rules for determining the number of non-trivial axes revisited. Comput Stat Data Anal 49:974–997
Petersen I, Masters Z (2004) Dispersal of adult aquatic insects in catchments of differing land use. 934–950
Rahel FJ (2002) Homogenization of freshwater faunas. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 33:291–315
Roque FO, Trivinho-Strixino S (2001) Benthic macroinvertebrates in mesohabitats of different spatial dimensions in a first order stream (São Carlos - SP). Acta Limnol Bras 13:69–77
Rosenberg D, Resh VH (1993) Freshwater Biomonitoring and Benthic Macroinvertebrates. Chapman and Hall, New York, p 488
Ruiz-García A, Márquez-Rodríguez J, Ferreras-Romero M (2012) Implications of anthropogenic disturbance factors on the Trichoptera assemblage in a Mediterranean fluvial system: are Trichoptera useful for identifying land-use alterations? Ecol Indic 14:114–123
Siqueira T, Giaj-Levra TL, Saito VS (2015) How does landscape modification induce biological homogenization in tropical stream metacommunities? Biotropica 47(4):509–516
Solar RRC, Barlow J, Ferreira J, Berenguer E, Lees AC, Thomson JR, Louzada J, Maués M, Moura NG, Oliveira VHF, Chaul JCM, Schoereder JH, Vieira ICG, MacNally R, Gardner TA (2015) How pervasive is biotic homogenization in human-modified tropical forest landscapes? Ecol Lett 18(10):1108–1118
Shurin JB, Cottenie K, Hillebrand H (2009) Spatial autocorrelation and dispersal limitation in freshwater organisms. Oecologia 159:151–159
Stendera SES, Johnson RK (2005) Additive partitioning of aquatic invertebrate species diversity across multiple spatial scales. Freshw Biol 50:1360–1375
Tylianakis JM, Klein A-M, Lozada T, Tscharntke T (2006) Spatial scale of observation affects alpha, beta and gamma diversity of cavity-nesting bees and wasps across a tropical land-use gradient. J Biogeogr 33:1295–1304
Van de Meutter F, De Meester L, Stoks R (2007) Metacommunity structure of pond macroinvertebrates: effects of dispersal mode and generation time. Ecology 88:1687–1695
Veech JA, Crist TO (2007) PARTITION: Software for hierarchical additive partitioning of species diversity. Version 2.0. http://www.users.muohio.edu/cristto/partition.htm Accessed 28 July 2013
Veech JA, Summerville KS, Crist TO, Gering JC (2002) The additive partitioning of species diversity: recent revival of an old idea. Oikos 1:3–9
Vörösmarty CJ, McIntyre PB, Gessner MO, Dudgeon D, Prusevich A, Gessner MO, Green P, Glidden S, Bunn SE, Sullivan CA, Reidy Liermann C, Davies PM (2010) Global threats to human water security and river biodiversity. Nature 39:555–561
Wagner HH, Wildi O, Ewald KC (2000) Additive partitioning of plant species diversity in an agricultural mosaic landscape. 219–227
Wiggins GB (1977) Larvae of the North American Caddisfly Genera (Trichoptera). Editora University of Toronto, Toronto, p 157
Wilson MV, Shmida A (1984) Measuring beta diversity with presence-absence data. J Ecol 72:1055–1064
Whittaker RH (1972) Evolution and measurement of species diversity. Taxon Int Assoc Plant Taxon (IAPT) 21:213–251
Whittaker RJ, Willis KJ, Field R (2001) Scale and species richness: towards a general, hierarchical theory of species diversity. J Biogeogr 28:453–470
Whittaker RJ, Araújo MB, Jepson P et al. (2005) Conservation biogeography: Assessment and prospect. Divers Distrib 11:3–23
Zhou T, Wu J, Peng S (2012) Assessing the effects of landscape pattern on river water quality at multiple scale: a case study of the Dongjiang River watershed, China. Ecol Indic 23:166–175
Acknowledgements
We thank “Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior” (CAPES) for the doctoral student scholarship for the first and second authors, and to the Universidade Estadual de Goiás for the support received from the “Programa de Bolsa de Incentivo à Pesquisa” (PROBIP). We would like to thank Daniel Paiva Silva for the text improvements in previous versions of this manuscript. We thank to anonymous reviewers and the editor for their comments that helped to improve the quality of the paper. Finally, we also would like to thank our colleagues and students Maysa Farias de Almeida Araújo and Anderson Cleiton Dias for field and laboratory assistance.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Electronic supplementary material
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Simião-Ferreira, J., Nogueira, D.S., Santos, A.C. et al. Multi-scale Homogenization of Caddisfly Metacomminities in Human-modified Landscapes. Environmental Management 61, 687–699 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-017-0989-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-017-0989-y