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Valuing the Recreational Benefits of Wetland Adaptation to Climate Change: A Trade-off Between Species’ Abundance and Diversity

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Abstract

Climate change will further exacerbate wetland deterioration, especially in the Mediterranean region. On the one side, it will accelerate the decline in the populations and species of plants and animals, this resulting in an impoverishment of biological abundance. On the other one, it will also promote biotic homogenization, resulting in a loss of species’ diversity. In this context, different climate change adaptation policies can be designed: those oriented to recovering species’ abundance and those aimed at restoring species’ diversity. Based on the awareness that knowledge about visitors’ preferences is crucial to better inform policy makers and secure wetlands’ public use and conservation, this paper assesses the recreational benefits of different adaptation options through a choice experiment study carried out in S’Albufera wetland (Mallorca). Results show that visitors display positive preferences for an increase in both species’ abundance and diversity, although they assign a higher value to the latter, thus suggesting a higher social acceptability of policies pursuing wetlands’ differentiation. This finding acquires special relevance not only for adaptation management in wetlands but also for tourism planning, as most visitors to S’Albufera are tourists. Thus, given the growing competition to attract visitors and the increasing demand for high environmental quality and unique experiences, promoting wetlands’ differentiation could be a good strategy to gain competitive advantage over other wetland areas and tourism destinations.

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Notes

  1. Throughout the manuscript, a loss of species’ diversity refers to the qualitative rather than the quantitative implications of species’ loss.

  2. Note that we refer to adaptation policies as planned measures engineered by human interventions on the environment. This should not be confounded with the concept of environmental adaptation, which refers to the autonomous responses to CC by organisms and ecosystems through natural physical and biological processes (Hobday et al. 2009).

  3. Decree-Law No. 4/1998 of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries of the Balearic Islands (January 28th).

  4. [http://www.medwetlands-obs.org/node/33 accessed in December 2013].

  5. An example of choice set is shown in the Appendix.

  6. Under the CL, the independence from irrelevant alternatives (IIA) property holds, this involving that the relative probability of choosing one option over another is independent of the presence or absence of other alternatives.

  7. The estimation results for the CL model are available from the authors upon request.

  8. Note that quadratic effects have also been specified for the two environmental attributes.

  9. Data provided by the Agència del Turisme de les Illes Balears for the II trimester of 2013[http://www.caib.es/sacmicrofront/archivopub.do?ctrl=MCRST865ZI154103&id=154103 accessed in December 2013].

  10. Surveys were considered invalid when some missing responses were detected in the section concerning the choice of the alternatives due to the respondent’s lack of cooperation or when the surveyor considered the respondent was insincere. Protests included those questionnaires in which the choice of the BAU alternative was motivated by one of the following reasons: “I don’t perceive any environmental problem to justify extra management efforts,” “I am already paying for wetlands’ conservation,” “Others should pay,” and “I don’t trust the local authorities.”

  11. A Wald test was performed under the null hypothesis of parameters’ equality between the coefficients of two separate dummies initially created for different waiting time reductions (from 15 to either 7 or 3 min). Results of the Wald test (0.10) suggested that we should not reject the null hypothesis at the 5 % significance level and hence create a unique variable (\( \begin{gathered} X_{{TIME\left( {less} \right)_{nj} }} \end{gathered} \)) for waiting time reduction, as seen in Eq. 4..

  12. The LR statistic (2.51) suggested not to reject, at 1 % significance level, the null hypothesis that the joint effect of these interactions did not significantly contribute to improve model fit.

  13. A specific question was included in the survey to identify respondents’ interests in visiting S’Albufera, thus allowing to distinguish between birdwatchers and non-birdwatchers.

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Acknowledgments

This research work has been conducted under the Training Program for University Professors of the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture, and Sport (AP2010-3810). The authors are also grateful for the funds awarded by the Government of the Balearic Islands through the Special Action Program (AAEE025/2012), the financial support from the CICYT Program of the Spanish Government (ECO2010-22143), and the grant from the 2013 CRF/RSE European Visiting Research Fellowships Program of the Caledonian Research Foundation. None of these funding sources intervened in or had any effect on the undertaking of this research work. We would like to thank three anonymous referees for their valuable comments, suggestions, and fruitful discussions.

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  1. Department of Applied Economics at the University of the Balearic Islands, Ctra. de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain

    Michela Faccioli, Antoni Riera Font & Catalina M. Torres Figuerola

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  1. Michela Faccioli
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Table 6 Example of choice set
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Faccioli, M., Riera Font, A. & Torres Figuerola, C.M. Valuing the Recreational Benefits of Wetland Adaptation to Climate Change: A Trade-off Between Species’ Abundance and Diversity. Environmental Management 55, 550–563 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-014-0407-7

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