Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

How is Shrimp Aquaculture Transforming Coastal Livelihoods and Lagoons in Estero Real, Nicaragua?: The Need to Integrate Social–Ecological Research and Ecosystem-Based Approaches

  • Published:
Environmental Management Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Ecosystem-based approaches to aquaculture integrate environmental concerns into planning. Social–ecological systems research can improve this approach by explicitly relating ecological and social dynamics of change at multiple scales. Doing so requires not only addressing direct effects of aquaculture but also considering indirect factors such as changes in livelihood strategies, governance dynamics, and power relations. We selected the community of Puerto Morazán, Nicaragua as a case study to demonstrate how the introduction of small-scale aquaculture radically transformed another key livelihood activity, lagoon shrimp fishing, and the effects that these changes have had on lagoons and the people that depend on them. We find that shrimp aquaculture played a key role in the collapse, in the 1990s, of an existing lagoon common-property management. Shrimp aquaculture-related capital enabled the adoption of a new fishing technique that not only degraded lagoons but also led to their gradual privatization. The existence of social ties between small-scale shrimp farmers and other community members mitigated the impacts of privatization, illustrating the importance of social capital. Since 2008, community members are seeking to communally manage the lagoons once again, in response to degraded environmental conditions and a consolidation of the shrimp industry at the expense of smaller actors. This research shows that shrimp aquaculture intersects with a complex set of drivers, affecting not only how ecosystems are managed but also how they are perceived and valued. Understanding these social–ecological dynamics is essential to implement realistic policies and management of mangrove ecosystems and address the needs of resource-dependent people.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. Here private property refers to areas where an individual or a corporation has exclusive rights, determining access and levels of exploitation, while common-pool resources refers to areas where control of access is difficult (i.e., exclusion is costly) and resource are substractable (i.e., use reduces resource availability). Open access refers to areas where “access is free and open to all”, similar to the example given by Hardin in his famous article on the ‘tragedy of the commons’ written in 1968.

  2. All quotes from the interviews are translated from Spanish.

  3. Some residents differentiate between Canta Gallo and Canta Gallito, a smaller lagoon subsumed within Canta Gallo. We include both when we refer to the Canta Gallo lagoons.

References

  • Adger WN (2000) Social and ecological resilience: are they related? Prog Hum Geogr 24:347–364. doi:10.1191/030913200701540465

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adger WN, Luttrell C (2000) Property rights and the utilisation of wetlands. Ecol Econ 35:75–89. doi:10.1016/S0921-8009(00)00169-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Agrawal A (2002) Common resources and institutional sustainability. In: Ostrom E et al. (eds) Committee on the Human Dimensions of Global Change. The drama of the commons. Washington, DC, pp 41–86

  • Allison EH, Ellis F (2001) The livelihoods approach and management of small-scale fisheries. Mar Policy 25:377–388. doi:10.1016/S0308-597X(01)00023-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alongi DM (2002) Present state and future of the world’s mangrove forests. Environ Conserv 29:331–349. doi:10.1017/S0376892902000231

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Armitage D (2002) Socio-institutional dynamics and the political ecology of mangrove forest conservation in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Glob Environ Change 12:203–217. doi:10.1016/S0959-3780(02)00023-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benessaiah K (2008) Mangroves, shrimp aquaculture and coastal livelihoods in the Estero Real, Gulf of Fonseca, Nicaragua. Master of Science thesis, McGill University

  • Bergquist DA (2007) Sustainability and local people’s participation in coastal aquaculture: regional differences and historical experiences in Sri Lanka and the Philippines. Environ Manage 40:787–802. doi:10.1007/s00267-006-0108-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berkes F (2006) From community-based resource management to complex systems: the scale issue and marine commons. Ecol Soc 11:45. http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol11/iss1/art45/

  • Berkes F (2012) Implementing ecosystem-based management: evolution or revolution? Fish Fish 13:465–476. doi:10.1111/j.1467-2979.2011.00452.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berkes F, Seixas CS (2005) Building resilience in lagoon social–ecological systems: a local-level perspective. Ecosystems 8:967–974. doi:10.1007/s10021-005-0140-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berkes F, Folke C, Colding J (2000) Linking social and ecological systems: management practices and social mechanisms for building resilience. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Berkes F, Colding J, Folke C (2003) Navigating social–ecological systems: building resilience for complexity and change. Cambridge University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • CIDEA (2006) Linea de base y referencia de governance: Puerto Morazan. Centro de Investigacion de Ecosistemas Acuaticos, Universidad Centroamericana (CIDEA-UCA), Managua

    Google Scholar 

  • Costa-Pierce BA (2008) Ecological aquaculture: the evolution of the blue revolution, 2nd edn. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Cox DR, Snell EJ (1989) The analysis of binary data, 2nd edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton

    Google Scholar 

  • Coze Saborío A (2006) Visión general del sector acuícola de nicaragua y análisis prospectivo del desarrollo future. Centro de Investigación de Ecosistemas Acuáticos, Universidad Centroamericana (CIDEA-UCA), Managua

    Google Scholar 

  • Crona B, Bodin O (2006) What you know is who you know? Communication patterns among resource users as a prerequisite for co-management. Ecol Soc 11:7. http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol11/iss2/art7/

  • Curie DJ (1994) Ordenamiento de la camaronicultura: Estero Real, Nicaragua. Fortalecimiento de la Acuicultura, Programa Regional de Apoyo al desarollo de la Pesca en el Istmo Centroamericano (PRADEPESCA), Union Europea-OLDEPESCA

  • Daw T, Brown K, Rosendo S, Pomeroy R (2011) Applying the ecosystem services concept to poverty alleviation: the need to disaggregate human well-being. Environ Conserv 38:370–379. doi:10.1017/S0376892911000506

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dewalt BR, Vergne P, Hardin M (1996) Shrimp aquaculture development and the environment: people, mangroves and fisheries on the Gulf of Fonseca, Honduras. World Dev 24:1193–1208. doi:10.1016/0305-750X(96)00033-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Donato DC, Kauffman JB, Murdiyarso D, Kurnianto S, Stidham M, Kanninen M (2011) Mangroves among the most carbon-rich forests in the tropics. Nat Geosci 4:293–297. doi:10.1038/ngeo1123

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Donnelly C (2007) Shrimp aquaculture in Nicaragua. Ecology of Aquaculture Studies and Reviews. University of Rhode Island, Kingston

  • Ellis F (1998) Household strategies and rural livelihood diversification. J Dev Stud 35:1–38. doi:10.1080/00220389808422553

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • FAO (2006) Ecosystem approach to aquaculture (EEA). FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, Rome

    Google Scholar 

  • FAO (2007) The world’s mangroves: 1980–2005. FAO Forestry Paper 153. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Rome

  • FAO (2009) The state of the world fisheries and aquaculture: 2008. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome

    Google Scholar 

  • FAO (2012a) Informe de los talleres sobre la introduccion al enfoque ecosistemico a la pesca y la acuicultura. FAO Informe de Pesca y Acuicultura 994/1, Rome

  • FAO (2012b) The state of the world fisheries and aquaculture: 2012. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome

    Google Scholar 

  • Folke C (2006) Resilience: the emergence of a perspective for social–ecological systems analyses. Glob Environ Change 16:253–267. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.04.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frankic A, Hershner C (2003) Sustainable aquaculture: developing the promise of aquaculture. Aquacult Int 11:517–530. doi:10.1023/B:AQUI.0000013264.38692.91

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gowing JW, Tuong TP, Hoanh CT, Khiem NT (2006) Social and environmental impact of rapid change in the coastal zone of Vietnam: an assessment of sustainability issues. In: Hoanh CT et al (eds) Environment and livelihoods in tropical coastal zones: managing agriculture-fishery—aquaculture conflicts. CABI Press, Oxfordshire, pp 48–60

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Gutierrez R, Sanchez R (2007) Diagnostico de la actividad pesquera artesanal en el Estero Real. Centro de Investigaciones Pesqueras y Acuicolas (CIPA), Instituto Nicaraguense de la Pesca y Acuicultura (INPESCA), Managua

  • Hardin G (1968) Tragedy of commons. Science 162:1243–1248. doi:10.1126/science.162.3859.1243

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hay I (2005) Qualitative research methods in human geography. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Horton L (2007) Grassroots struggles for sustainability in Central America. University Press of Colorado, Boulder

    Google Scholar 

  • Hosmer D, Lemeshow S (2000) Applied logistic regression. Wiley, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Huong TTT, Berkes F (2011) Diversity of resource use and property rights in Tam Giang Lagoon, Vietnam. Int J Commons 5:130–149

    Google Scholar 

  • Islam MS (2008) In search of “white gold”: environmental and agrarian changes in rural Bangladesh. Soc Nat Res 22:66–78. doi:10.1080/08941920801942255

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kalikoski DC, Vasconcellos M, Lavkulich L (2002) Fitting institutions to ecosystems: the case of artisanal fisheries management in the estuary of Patos lagoon. Mar Policy 26:179–196. doi:10.1016/S0308-597X(01)00048-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kapetsky JM (1981) Some considerations for the management of coastal lagoon and estuarine fisheries. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 218, p 47

  • Kent G (1997) Fisheries, food security, and the poor. Food Policy 22:393–404

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • King MW (2010) Analyzing environmental conflicts: actor network approaches and the analysis of discourse: a case study in southern Honduras. UpSidEo Publishing

  • Kurien J (2005) Evolving towards unsustainability: a personal statement on Kerala’s marine fishery spanning three decades. Int J Rural Manage 1:73–96. doi:10.1177/097306800400100105

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lacerda LD (2002) Mangrove ecosystems: function and management. Springer, Berlin

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Lebel L, Tri NH, Saengnoree A, Pasong S, Buatama U, Thoa LK (2002) Industrial transformation and shrimp aquaculture in Thailand and Vietnam: pathways to ecological, social and economic sustainability. Ambio 31:311–323. doi:10.1579/0044-7447-31.4.311

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lugo AE (2002) Conserving Latin American and Caribbean mangroves: issues and challenges. Madera y Bosques Numero especial pp 5–25

  • Luttrell C (2006) Adapting aquaculture in Vietnam: securing livelihoods in a context of change in two coastal communities. In: Hoanh CT et al (eds) Environment and livelihoods in tropical coastal zones: Managing agriculture-fishery—aquaculture conflicts. CABI Press, Oxfordshire, pp 17–29

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Magrin G, Gay C, Cruz D, Giménez JC, Moreno AR, Nagy GJ, Nobre C, Villamizar A (2007) Latin America, climate change 2007: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the 4th Assessment Report of the IPCC, pp 581–615

  • MARENA (2006) Plan de manejo: Reserva natural del delta del Estero Real. MARENA-MIFIC-CPC, Managua

    Google Scholar 

  • Martinez-Alier J (2001) Ecological conflicts and valuation: mangroves versus shrimps in the late 1990s. Environ Plan C 19:713–728. doi:10.1068/c15s

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Menard S (2000) Coefficients of determination for multiple logistic regression analysis. Am Stat 54:17–24. doi:10.1080/00031305.2000.10474502

    Google Scholar 

  • MIFIC (2007) Boletin de comerico exterior de Nicaragua (2006). Dirección de Política Comercial Ministerio de Fomento, Industria y Comercio MIFIC-DGCE, Managua

  • MIFIC (2013) Informe anual de comercio exterior e IED (2012). Dirección de Política Comercial Ministerio de Fomento. Industria y Comercio MIFIC-DGCE, Managua

    Google Scholar 

  • Moberg F, Ronnback P (2003) Ecosystem services of the tropical seascape: interactions, substitutions and restoration. Ocean Coast Manage 46:27–46. doi:10.1016/s0964-5691(02)00119-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moreno Ochoa et al (2001) Methods for improving shrimp farming in Central America. UCA Press, Managua

    Google Scholar 

  • Munich Re (2006) Hurricanes: more intense, more frequent, more expensive. Munich Reinsurance Company and American Reinsurance Company

  • Nagelkerke NJ (1991) A note on a general definition of the coefficient of determination. Biometrika 78:691–692

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nagelkerken I, Blaber SJM, Bouillon S, Green P, Haywood M, Kirton LG, Meynecke JO, Pawlik J, Penrose HM, Sasekumar A (2008) The habitat function of mangroves for terrestrial and marine fauna: a review. Aquat Bot 89:155–185. doi:10.1016/j.aquabot.2007.12.007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nayak PK, Berkes F (2010) Whose marginalisation? Politics around environmental injustices in India’s Chilika lagoon. Local Environ 15:553–567. doi:10.1080/13549839.2010.487527

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nayak PK, Berkes F (2011) Commonisation and decommonisation: understanding the processes of change in the Chilika lagoon, India. Conserv Soc 9:132–145. doi:10.4103/0972-4923.83723

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nayak PK, Berkes F (2012) Linking global drivers with local and regional change: a social–ecological system approach in Chilika lagoon, Bay of Bengal. Reg Environ Change 1–12. doi:10.1007/s10113-012-0369-3

  • Núñez-Ferrera M (2003) Propuesta de ordenamiento del concesionamiento de tierras salitrosas para establecimiento de granjas camaroneras en el pacifico nicaraguense. Ministerio de Fomento, Industria y Comercio, Direccion General de Recursos Naturales (PASMA-MIFIC), Managua

  • Ostrom E (1990) Governing the commons: the evolution of institutions for collective action. Cambridge University Press, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Ostrom E, Burger J, Field CB, Norgaard RB, Policansky D (1999) Sustainability—revisiting the commons: local lessons, global challenges. Science 284:278–282. doi:10.1126/science.284.5412.278

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paez-Osuna F (2001a) The environmental impact of shrimp aquaculture: a global perspective. Environ Pollut 112:229–231. doi:10.1016/S0269-7491(00)00111-1

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paez-Osuna F (2001b) The environmental impact of shrimp aquaculture: causes, effects, and mitigating alternatives. Environ Manage 28:131–140. doi:10.1007/s002670010212

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peng CYJ, Lee KL, Ingersoll GM (2002) An introduction to logistic regression analysis and reporting. J Educ Res 96:3–14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson G (2000) Political ecology and ecological resilience: an integration of human and ecological dynamics. Ecol Econ 35:323–336. doi:10.1016/S0921-8009(00)00217-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Polidoro BA, Carpenter KE, Collins L, Duke NC, Ellison AM, Ellison JC, Farnsworth EJ, Fernando ES, Kathiresan K, Koedam KE (2010) The loss of species: mangrove extinction risk and geographic areas of global concern. PLoS One 5:e10095. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010095

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pradhan D, Flaherty M (2007) National initiatives, local effects: trade liberalization, shrimp aquaculture, and coastal communities in Orissa, India. Soc Nat Resour 21:63–76. doi:10.1080/08941920701655734

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Primavera JH (1997) Socio-economic impacts of shrimp culture. Aquac Res 28:815–827. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2109.1997.00946.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ramsar (2000) Ficha informativa: Deltas del Estero Real y llanos de Apacunca. Universidad Centroamericana (UCA), PROGOLFO-Nicaragua, CATIE/OLAFO/DANIDA, Proyecto Corredor Biologico Mesoamericano (CBM), MARENA

  • Robards MD, Schoon ML, Meek CL, Engle NL (2011) The importance of social drivers in the resilient provision of ecosystem services. Glob Environ Change 21:522–529. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.12.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scoones I (1998) Sustainable rural livelihoods: a framework for analysis. IDS Working Paper 72

  • Seixas CS (2000) State-property, communal-property or open-access? The case of Ibiraquera lagoon, Brazil. In: IACSP conference proceedings, Bloomington

  • Seixas CS, Berkes F (2003) Dynamics of social–ecological changes in a lagoon fishery in southern Brazil. In: Berkes F et al (eds) Navigating social–ecological systems: building resilience for complexity and change. Cambridge University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Seixas CS, Troutt E (2003) Evolution of a local Brazilian shrimp market. Ecol Econ 46:399–417. doi:10.1016/S0921-8009(03)00082-X

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh A (2005) One planet, many people: atlas of our changing environment. United Nations Environment Programme

  • Slocombe DS (1993) Implementing ecosystem-based management. Bioscience 43:612–622. doi:10.2307/1312148

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soto D, Aguilar-Manjarrez J, Hishamunda N (2008). Building an ecosystem approach to aquaculture. In: Soto et al. (eds) Expert Workshop. Fisheries and aquaculture proceedings, FAO, Rome, 7–11 May 2007

  • Stanley DL (1996) David vs. Goliath: fishermen conflicts with mariculturalists in Honduras. In: Collin H (ed) Green guerillas: environmental conflicts and initiatives in Latin America and the Caribbean: a reader. Monthly Review Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanley DL (1998) Explaining persistent conflict among resource users: the case of Honduran mariculture. Soc Nat Res 11:267–278. doi:10.1080/08941929809381079

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stevenson JR, Irz X, John-Smith O (2009) Is aquaculture development an effective tool for poverty alleviation? A review of theory and evidence. Cahiers d’Agriculture 18:292–299. doi:10.1684/agr.2009.0286

    Google Scholar 

  • Stonich SC (1989) The dynamics of social processes and environmental destruction: a Central American case study. Popul Dev Rev 15:269–296

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stonich SC (1995) The environmental-quality and social-justice implications of shrimp mariculture development in Honduras. Hum Ecol 23:143–168. doi:10.1007/BF01191647

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stonich SC, Bailey C (2000) Resisting the blue revolution: contending coalitions surrounding industrial shrimp farming. Hum Organ 59:23–36

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stonich SC, Vandergeest P (2001) Violence, environment, and industrial shrimp farming. In: Peluso N, Watts M (eds) Violent environments. pp 261–286

  • Stonich SC, Bort JR, Ovares LL (1997) Globalization of shrimp mariculture: the impact on social justice and environmental quality in Central America. Soc Nat Res 10:161–179. doi:10.1080/08941929709381016

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tidwell JH, Allan GL (2001) Fish as food: aquaculture’s contribution: ecological and economic impacts and contributions of fish farming and capture fisheries. EMBO Rep 2:958–963. doi:10.1093/embo-reports/kve236

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tobey J, Clay J, Vergne P (1998) Maintaining a balance: the economic, environmental, and social impacts of shrimp farming in Latin America. Coastal Resources Center, University of Rhode Island, Kingston

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner BL, Kasperson RE, Matson PA, McCarthy JJ, Corell RW, Christensen L, Eckley N, Kasperson JX, Luers A, Martello ML, Polsky C, Pulsipher A, Schiller AM (2003) A framework for vulnerability analysis in sustainability science. PNAS 100:8074–8079

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turner S (2007) Small-scale enterprise livelihoods and social capital in eastern Indonesia: ethnic embeddedness and exclusion. Prof Geogr 59:407–420. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9272.2007.00631.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Valiela I, Bowen JL, York JK (2001) Mangrove forests: one of the world’s threatened major tropical environments. Bioscience 51:807–815

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vásquez DP, Méndez M, Martínez R (2005) Informe de evaluacion y ordenacion de recursos pesqueros en el golfo de Fonseca, Honduras. Cooperacion Espanola (AECI) y DIGEPESCA

  • Walters BB, Rönnbäck P, Kovacs JM, Crona B, Hussain SA, Badola R, Primavera JH, Barbier E, Dahdouh-Guebas F (2008) Ethnobiology, socio-economics and management of mangrove forests: a review. Aquat Bot 89(2):220–236. doi:10.1016/j.aquabot.2008.02.009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wittenstein P (2007) Aquaculture as a means to improve social and economic conditions in Nicaragua. Ecology of Aquaculture Studies and Reviews. University of Rhode Island, Kingston

Download references

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by funding from the Levinson and Warren fellowships, the bourse Mobilité-Québec, McGill libraries and the International Development Research Center. We warmly thank the CIDEA institute for its field support, and in particular Juan Ramon Bravo, Eufresia Balladares, Will Herrera, Agnes Saborio Coze and Carlos Rivas for a fruitful exchange of ideas and for facilitating work in Nicaragua. We would also like to thank Oliver Coomes, Billie L. Turner II and Jesse Sayles for insightful comments on this manuscript. Oliver Coomes also provided valuable assistance during fieldwork and data analysis. Prateep Nayak provided valuable insights during the peer-review process. Two other anonymous reviewers contributed to the betterment of this paper. Last but not least, this work would not have been possible without the generous participation and support from the people of Puerto Morazán and other residents of the Estero Real.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, Coor Hall, 5th floor, 975 S. Myrtle Ave., Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA

    Karina Benessaiah

  2. Department of Geography, McGill University, 805 Sherbrooke West, Montreal, QC, H3A 2K6, Canada

    Raja Sengupta

Authors
  1. Karina Benessaiah
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Raja Sengupta
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Karina Benessaiah.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Benessaiah, K., Sengupta, R. How is Shrimp Aquaculture Transforming Coastal Livelihoods and Lagoons in Estero Real, Nicaragua?: The Need to Integrate Social–Ecological Research and Ecosystem-Based Approaches. Environmental Management 54, 162–179 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-014-0295-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-014-0295-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation