Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Three-Dimensional Photography for Evaluating the Effectiveness of Botulinum Toxin Injection for Masseter Hypertrophy

  • Original Article
  • Facial Surgery
  • Published:
Aesthetic Plastic Surgery Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Background

Masseter hypertrophy is a common condition that causes a undesirable square face, and often treated with botulinum toxin type A (BoNTA). Subjective assessments of BoNTA effectiveness vary from physician to patient, necessitating an objective approach for evaluation. This study introduces three-dimensional photography (3DP) for the first time in clinical assessment to evaluate BoNTA treatment for masseter hypertrophy.

Methods

Ten patients received 36U of BoNTA at three injection points on each side masseter muscle. 3DP scanner using Artec Eva® was taken at the first, third, and sixth postoperative months for objective evaluation. Patient’s self-perceived prominence, patients self-rated satisfaction, and physicians provided 5-grade scores were the subjective indicators.

Results

A significant decrease in left masseter volume at the sixth month (P = 0.002, P = 0.004 at rest and clenching, respectively) was observed. Patient’s self-perceived prominence decreased at the first (P = 0.021) and third (P = 0.039) months. Physicians’ scores significantly decreased at all postoperative months. No significant changes were noted in the right masseter volume and patients self-rated satisfaction. Patient self-rated satisfaction did not consistently correlate with objective measures, except for left masseter with clenching at the sixth month.

Conclusion

Three-dimensional photography accurately quantifies facial changes post-BoNTA treatment. Despite objective improvements, patient satisfaction may not align consistently. Reliable assessment tools are crucial in cosmetic surgery to manage expectations and prevent disputes.

Level of Evidence IV

This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Park MY, Ahn KY, Jung DS (2003) Botulinum toxin type A treatment for contouring of the lower face. Dermatol Surg 29(5):477–483. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1524-4725.2003.29116.x. (In English)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Jeong WS, Hong DW, Ahn TJ, Han HH (2024) The volumetric effect of botulinum toxin type a injection on the parotid gland: a randomized controlled trial. Plast Reconstr Surg 153(2):337–343. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000010528

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Kim NH, Chung JH, Park RH, Park JB (2005) The use of botulinum toxin type A in aesthetic mandibular contouring. Plast Reconstr Surg 115(3):919–930. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.prs.0000153236.79775.a0. (In English)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Moore AP, Wood GD (1994) The medical management of masseteric hypertrophy with botulinum toxin type A. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 32(1):26–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/0266-4356(94)90168-6

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Shetty N, Malaviya RK, Gupta MK (2012) Management of unilateral masseter hypertrophy and hypertrophic scar-a case report. Case Rep Dent 2012:521427. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/521427. (In English)

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Fedorowicz Z, van Zuuren EJ, Schoones J (2013) Botulinum toxin for masseter hypertrophy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013(9):007510. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007510.pub3. (In English)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Yu CC, Chen PK, Chen YR (2007) Botulinum toxin a for lower facial contouring: a prospective study. Aesthetic Plast Surg 31(5):445–451. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00266-007-0081-8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Han HS, Park JW, Youn CS, Ahn JY, Cho S, Park KY (2021) Validation of the novel masseter muscle hypertrophy scale in Asian population. J Cosmet Dermatol 20(6):1948–1950. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.13784

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Nikolis A, Enright KM, Masouri S, Bernstein S, Antoniou C (2018) Prospective evaluation of incobotulinumtoxinA in the management of the masseter using two different injection techniques. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 11:347–356. https://doi.org/10.2147/CCID.S164848

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Weissler JM, Stern CS, Schreiber JE, Amirlak B, Tepper OM (2017) The evolution of photography and three-dimensional imaging in plastic surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg 139(3):761–769. https://doi.org/10.1097/prs.0000000000003146. (In English)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Thalmann P (1944) Die Stereophotogrammetrie ein diagnostisches Hilfsmittel in der Kieferorthopädie: Universität Zürich

  12. Kovacs L, Zimmermann A, Brockmann G et al (2006) Three-dimensional recording of the human face with a 3D laser scanner. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 59(11):1193–1202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2005.10.025. (In English)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Tzou CH, Frey M (2011) Evolution of 3D surface imaging systems in facial plastic surgery. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 19(4):591–602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsc.2011.07.003. (In English)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Tepper OM, Rudy HL, Lefkowitz A et al (2017) Mixed reality with hololens: where virtual reality meets augmented reality in the operating room. Plast Reconstr Surg 140(5):1066–1070. https://doi.org/10.1097/prs.0000000000003802. (In English)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Koban KC, Cotofana S, Frank K et al (2019) Precision in 3-dimensional surface imaging of the face: a handheld scanner comparison performed in a cadaveric model. Aesthet Surg J 39(4):NP36–NP44. https://doi.org/10.1093/asj/sjy242

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Bayrak NB, Zeybek M, Sanlioglu I, Dolanmaz D (2019) Assessment of changes in masseter muscle by three-dimensional close-range photogrammetry after Botulinum toxin type-A injection: a case report with review of literature. J Pak Med Assoc 69(3):418–422 (In English)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Nikolis A, Enright KM, Rudolph C, Cotofana S (2020) Temporal volume increase after reduction of masseteric hypertrophy utilizing incobotulinumtoxin type A. J Cosmet Dermatol 19(6):1294–1300. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.13434

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Grant CA, Johnston M, Adam CJ, Little JP (2019) Accuracy of 3D surface scanners for clinical torso and spinal deformity assessment. Med Eng Phys 63:63–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medengphy.2018.11.004

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Modabber A, Peters F, Kniha K et al (2016) Evaluation of the accuracy of a mobile and a stationary system for three-dimensional facial scanning. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 44(10):1719–1724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcms.2016.08.008

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Peng H-LP (2018) Masseter hypertrophy: toxin treatment techniques, causes of complications, and prevention. Botulinum Toxin, IntechOpen

  21. Bauermeister AJ, Zuriarrain A, Newman MI (2016) Three-dimensional printing in plastic and reconstructive surgery: a systematic review. Ann Plast Surg 77(5):569–576. https://doi.org/10.1097/sap.0000000000000671. (In English)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Losken A, Seify H, Denson DD, Paredes AA Jr, Carlson GW (2005) Validating three-dimensional imaging of the breast. Ann Plast Surg 54(5):471–476. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.sap.0000155278.87790.a1. (In English)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Rawlani R, Qureshi H, Rawlani V, Turin SY, Mustoe TA (2019) Volumetric changes of the mid and lower face with animation and the standardization of three-dimensional facial imaging. Plast Reconstr Surg 143(1):76–85

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Rho NK, Goo BL, Youn SJ, Won CH, Han KH (2022) Lip lifting efficacy of hyaluronic acid filler injections: a quantitative assessment using 3-dimensional photography. J Clin Med. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11154554

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Tsuchida Y, Shiozawa M, Handa K, Takahashi H, Nikawa H (2023) Comparison of the accuracy of different handheld-type scanners in three-dimensional facial image recognition. J Prosthodont Res 67(2):222–230. https://doi.org/10.2186/jpr.JPR_D_22_00001

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. No YA, Ahn BH, Kim BJ, Kim MN, Hong CK (2016) Three-dimensional CT might be a potential evaluation modality in correction of asymmetrical masseter muscle hypertrophy by botulinum toxin injection. J Cosmet Laser Ther 18(2):113–115. https://doi.org/10.3109/14764172.2015.1052518. (In English)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Becht MP, Mah J, Martin C, Razmus T, Gunel E, Ngan P (2014) Evaluation of masseter muscle morphology in different types of malocclusions using cone beam computed tomography. Int Orthod 12(1):32–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ortho.2013.12.003. (In Engfre)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Raustia AM, Salonen MA, Pyhtinen J (1996) Evaluation of masticatory muscles of edentulous patients by computed tomography and electromyography. J Oral Rehabil 23(1):11–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2842.1996.tb00805.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. de Sousa AMS, Duarte AC, Decnop M et al (2023) Imaging features and complications of facial cosmetic procedures. Radiographics 43(12):e230060. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.230060

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Ginat DT, Schatz CJ (2012) Imaging of facial fillers: additional insights. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 33(11):E140–E141. https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A3394

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Ginat DT, Schatz CJ (2013) Imaging features of midface injectable fillers and associated complications. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 34(8):1488–1495. https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A3161

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Chang CS, Lin S, Wallace CG et al (2019) Masseter muscle volume changes evaluated by 3-dimensional computed tomography after repeated botulinum toxin A injections in patients with square facial morphology. Ann Plast Surg 82:S29–S32. https://doi.org/10.1097/SAP.0000000000001705

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Kim JH, Shin JH, Kim ST, Kim CY (2007) Effects of two different units of botulinum toxin type a evaluated by computed tomography and electromyographic measurements of human masseter muscle. Plast Reconstr Surg 119(2):711–717. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.prs.0000239453.67423.99

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Koban KC, Perko P, Etzel L, Li Z, Schenck TL, Giunta RE (2020) Validation of two handheld devices against a non-portable three-dimensional surface scanner and assessment of potential use for intraoperative facial imaging. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 73(1):141–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2019.07.008

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. de Sa F, Gomes C, Libdy MR, Normando D (2019) Scan time, reliability and accuracy of craniofacial measurements using a 3D light scanner. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 9(4):331–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobcr.2019.07.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Almadori A, Speiser S, Ashby I et al (2022) Portable three-dimensional imaging to monitor small volume enhancement in face, vulva, and hand: a comparative study. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 75(9):3574–3585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2022.04.042

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Stern CS, Schreiber JE, Surek CC et al (2016) Three-dimensional topographic surface changes in response to compartmental volumization of the medial cheek: defining a malar augmentation zone. Plast Reconstr Surg 137(5):1401–1408. https://doi.org/10.1097/prs.0000000000002066

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Tuin AJ, Meulstee JW, Loonen TGJ et al (2020) Three-dimensional facial volume analysis using algorithm-based personalized aesthetic templates. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 49(10):1379–1384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2020.01.013

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Farhan M, Wang JZ, Lillia J, Cheng TL, Burns J (2023) Comparison of multiple 3D scanners to capture foot, ankle, and lower leg morphology. Prosthet Orthot Int 47(6):625–632. https://doi.org/10.1097/PXR.0000000000000230

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Ferrario VF, Sforza C, Schmitz JH, Miani A Jr, Serrao G (1998) A three-dimensional computerized mesh diagram analysis and its application in soft tissue facial morphometry. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 114(4):404–413. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0889-5406(98)70185-4. (In English)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. To EW, Ahuja AT, Ho WS et al (2001) A prospective study of the effect of botulinum toxin A on masseteric muscle hypertrophy with ultrasonographic and electromyographic measurement. Br J Plast Surg 54(3):197–200. https://doi.org/10.1054/bjps.2000.3526. (In English)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Cheng J, Hsu SH, McGee JS (2019) Botulinum toxin injections for masseter reduction in east Asians. Dermatol Surg 45(4):566–572. https://doi.org/10.1097/dss.0000000000001859. (In English)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Yeh YT, Peng JH, Peng HP (2018) Literature review of the adverse events associated with botulinum toxin injection for the masseter muscle hypertrophy. J Cosmet Dermatol 17(5):675–687. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.12721. (In English)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Kundu N, Kothari R, Shah N et al (2022) Efficacy of botulinum toxin in masseter muscle hypertrophy for lower face contouring. J Cosmet Dermatol 21(5):1849–1856. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.14858. (In English)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Riml S, Piontke A, Larcher L, Kompatscher P (2011) Quantification of faults resulting from disregard of standardised facial photography. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 64(7):898–901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2010.11.005. (In English)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Sommer DD, Mendelsohn M (2004) Pitfalls of nonstandardized photography in facial plastic surgery patients. Plast Reconstr Surg 114(1):10–4. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.prs.0000127791.31526.e2. (In English)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Parker WL, Czerwinski M, Sinno H, Loizides P, Lee C (2007) Objective interpretation of surgical outcomes: is there a need for standardizing digital images in the plastic surgery literature? Plast Reconstr Surg 120(5):1419–1423. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.prs.0000279390.73401.de. (In English)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Nikolis A, Bertucci V, Solish N, Lane V, Nogueira A (2021) An objective, quantitative assessment of flexible hyaluronic acid fillers in lip and perioral enhancement. Dermatol Surg 47(5):e168–e173. https://doi.org/10.1097/DSS.0000000000002917

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. Maal TJ, Verhamme LM, van Loon B et al (2011) Variation of the face in rest using 3D stereophotogrammetry. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 40(11):1252–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2011.02.033. (In English)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Set PA, Somers JM, Britton PD, Freer CE (1993) Pictorial review: benign and malignant enlargement of the pterygo-masseteric muscle complex. Clin Radiol 48(1):57–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0009-9260(05)80110-2

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Morse MH, Brown EF (1990) Ultrasonic diagnosis of masseteric hypertrophy. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 19(1):18–20. https://doi.org/10.1259/dmfr.19.1.2201578

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Arzul L, Corre P, Khonsari RH, Mercier JM, Piot B (2012) Asymmetric hypertrophy of the masticatory muscles. Ann Chir Plast Esthet 57(3):286–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anplas.2012.02.014

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Zhang Y, Liu K, Shao Z, Lyu C, Zou D (2023) The effect of asymmetrical occlusion on surface electromyographic activity in subjects with a chewing side preference: a preliminary study. Healthcare. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11121718

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Tiwari S, Nambiar S, Unnikrishnan B (2017) Chewing side preference—Impact on facial symmetry, dentition and temporomandibular joint and its correlation with handedness. J Orofac Sci 9(1):22–27. https://doi.org/10.4103/jofs.jofs_74_16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Amorim CF, Vasconcelos Paes FJ, de Faria Junior NS, de Oliveira LV, Politti F (2012) Electromyographic analysis of masseter and anterior temporalis muscle in sleep bruxers after occlusal splint wearing. J Bodyw Mov Ther 16(2):199–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2011.04.001

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Sermswan P, Tansatit T, Meevassana J, Panchaprateep R (2021) A cadaveric study of dye spreading: determining the ideal injection pattern for masseter hypertrophy. Dermatol Surg 47(10):1354–1358. https://doi.org/10.1097/DSS.0000000000003171

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Otta E (1998) Sex differences over age groups in self-posed smiling in photographs. Psychol Rep 83:907–13. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1998.83.3.907. (In English)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Capaccio P, Gaffuri M, Pignataro L, Assandri F, Pereira P, Farronato G (2016) Recurrent parotid swelling secondary to masseter muscle hypertrophy: a multidisciplinary diagnostic and therapeutic approach. Cranio 34(6):388–394. https://doi.org/10.1080/08869634.2016.1142694

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Xie S, Li ZM, Li SJ, Cai ZG (2021) Congenital bilateral ectopic parotid glands: case report and systematic review of the literatures. Gland Surg 10(3):1165–1170. https://doi.org/10.21037/gs-20-751

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Wells H, Peronace AA (1967) Functional hypertrophy and atrophy of the salivary glands of rats. Am J Physiol 212(2):247–51. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1967.212.2.247. (In English)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Prabhu R, Mandel L (2017) Simultaneous bilateral hypertrophies of the parotid gland and masseter muscle: case report. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 75(1):149–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2016.06.193

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Wu WT (2010) Botox facial slimming/facial sculpting: the role of botulinum toxin-A in the treatment of hypertrophic masseteric muscle and parotid enlargement to narrow the lower facial width. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 18(1):133–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsc.2009.11.014

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Clapham PJ, Pushman AG, Chung KC (2010) A systematic review of applying patient satisfaction outcomes in plastic surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg 125(6):1826–1833. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e3181d51276. (In English)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  64. Chen K, Congiusta S, Nash IS et al (2018) Factors influencing patient satisfaction in plastic surgery: a nationwide analysis. Plast Reconstr Surg 142(3):820–825. https://doi.org/10.1097/prs.0000000000004658. (In English)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Chang IA, Wells MW, Chang IA et al (2022) The positive patient experience: a comprehensive analysis of plastic surgery online reviews. Aesthetic Surg J 42(9):1083–1093. https://doi.org/10.1093/asj/sjac092

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This study was supported by grants TSGH-D-110161 from Tri-Service General Hospital. We would like to acknowledge the contributions of Medical 3D Printing Center, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center for processing 3DP, and Chung-Yu Lai and Ya-Hsin Chen for their assistance with data collection and statistics.

Funding

None

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Defense Medical Center, Tri-Service General Hospital, No. 325, Sec. 2, Chenggong Rd., Neihu District, Taipei City, 11490, Taiwan, ROC

    Dun-Wei Huang, Ya-Hsin Chen, Chih-Hsin Wang & Shyi-Gen Chen

  2. National Defense Medical Center, Graduate Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC

    Chung-Yu Lai

  3. Medical 3D Printing Center, National Defense Medical Center, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC

    Jia-En Chen & Chin-Chieh Yi

  4. Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK

    Jia-En Chen

  5. Department of Orthopedics, Hand and Arm Center, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA

    Dun-Wei Huang

Authors
  1. Dun-Wei Huang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Chung-Yu Lai
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jia-En Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Chin-Chieh Yi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Ya-Hsin Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Chih-Hsin Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Shyi-Gen Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Shyi-Gen Chen.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical Approval

The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Medical Ethics Committee of the Tri-Service General Hospital (application no. B202005119). All procedures involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. All identifying data were deleted before data analysis. Patients’ photographs are published with their consent.

Informed Consent

All the patients’ photographs are published with their consent.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Huang, DW., Lai, CY., Chen, JE. et al. Three-Dimensional Photography for Evaluating the Effectiveness of Botulinum Toxin Injection for Masseter Hypertrophy. Aesth Plast Surg (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00266-024-03974-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00266-024-03974-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation