Abstract
Background
Female plastic surgeons face specific challenges in their careers that impact lifestyle and professional choices.
Objective
The authors sought to delineate these specific issues further through means of an anonymous survey and to suggest areas for improvement.
Methods
In August 2017, a link to an online email questionnaire via SurveyMonkey.com was sent to 398 women members of the International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, which included questions on demographics, surgical training, practice characteristics and preferences, leadership and professional activities, marriage and childcare, financial status, workplace sexism and sexual harassment and surgeon attitudes.
Results
A total of 138 female plastic surgeons responded to the survey for a response rate of 34.7%. Critical issues most cited by respondents included work-life balance and childcare responsibilities, sexual harassment and the lack of gender parity at meetings.
Conclusions
Plastic surgery training programs, institutions and societies should acknowledge the additional challenges that female surgeons face. The greatest areas for improvement include the balance of work and family responsibilities, addressing the prevalence of sexual harassment and improved representation at scientific meetings.
Level of Evidence IV
This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Furnas HJ, Johnson DJ, Bajaj AK, Kalliainen L, Rohrich R (2016) Women and men in plastic surgery: how they differ and why it matters. Plast Reconstr Surg 138(3):743–745
Furnas HJ, Li AY, Garza RM et al (2019) An analysis of differences in the number of children for female and male plastic surgeons. Plast Reconstr Surg 143:315–326
Silva AK, Preminger A, Slezak S, Phillips LG, Johnson DJ (2016) Melting the plastic ceiling: overcoming obstacles to foster leadership in women plastic surgeons. Plast Reconstr Surg 138(3):721–729
Phillips NA, Tannan SC, Kalliainen LK (2016) Understanding and overcoming implicit gender bias in plastic surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg 138(5):1111–1116
Santosa KB, Larson EL, Vannucci B, Lapidus JB, Gast KM et al (2019) Gender imbalance at academic plastic surgery meetings. Plast Reconstr Surg 143:1798–1806
Fischer L, Bajaj AK (2017) Learning how to ask: women and negotiation. Plast Reconstr Surg 139(3):753–758
Garza RM, Weston JS, Furnas HJ (2017) Pregnancy and the plastic surgery resident. Plast Reconstr Surg 139(1):245–252
Cheesborough JE, Gray SS, Bajaj AK (2017) Striking a better integration of work and life: challenges and solutions. Plast Reconstr Surg 139(2):495–500
Johnson DJ, Shenaq D, Thakor M (2016) Making the end as good as the beginning: financial planning and retirement for women plastic surgeons. Plast Reconstr Surg 138(4):935–940
Andry D, Moliver C, Phillips LG (2019) An analysis of female plastic surgery authorship: where are we today? Plast Reconstr Surg 143(1):327–331
Furnas HJ, Garza RM, Li AY et al (2018) Gender differences in the professional and personal lives of plastic surgeons. Plast Reconstr Surg 142(1):252–264
Bucknor A, Kamali P, Phillips N et al (2018) Gender inequality for women in plastic surgery: a systemic scoping review. Plast Reconstr Surg 141(6):1561–1577
Plana N, Khouri K, Motosko CC et al (2018) The evolving presence of women in academic plastic surgery: a study of the past 40 years. Plast Reconstr Surg 141(5):1304–1310
Shah AR, Haws MJ, Kalliainen LK (2018) Factors affecting women’s success in academic and private practice plastic surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg 141(4):1063–1070
Wirtzfield DA (2009) The history of women in surgery. Can J Surg 52(4):317–320
McLemore EC, Peterson Ramamoorthy S, CY Bass BL (2012) Women in surgery: bright, sharp, brave and temperate. Perm J. 16(3):54–59
Lipinska M (1930) Les femmes et le progres des sciences medicales. Masson, Paris (France)
www.ed.ac.uk/medicine-vet-medicine/about/history/women/james-barry. Accessed October 4, 2020.
Sabin F (1982) Elizabeth Blackwell: The first woman doctor. Troll Communications, New York (NY)
Walker DL (2005) Mary Edwards Walker: above and beyond. Tom Doherty Associates, New York (NY)
Hacker C (1974) The indomitable lady doctors. Formac Publishing Company Limited, Halifax (NS)
Olivetto M, Bettoni J, Testelin S, Dakpe S, Devauchelle B (2019) Féminisme et chirurgie esthétique: Suzanne Gros-Noël (1878–1954). Ann Chir Plast Esthet 64:133–143
Personal communication, Catherine Foss, Executive Director of ISAPS
Moak TN, Cress PE, Tenenbaum M, Casas LA (2020) The leaky pipeline of women in plastic surgery: Embracing diversity to close the gender disparity gap. Aesthet Surg J 40(11):1241–1248
Personal communication, Ewa Siolo, MD
https://www.rcseng.ac.uk/careers-in-surgery/women-in-surgery/statistics/ via personal communication with Nora Nugent, MD. Accessed November 12, 2020.
Retrouvey H, Gdalevitch P (2018) Women Plastic Surgeons of Canada: Empowerment through education and mentorship. Plast Surg 26(3):145–147
Personal communication, Maria Wiedner, MD
Personal communication, Patricia Gutierrez del Ontalvilla, MD PhD
Personal communication, Manoj Khanna, MD
Personal communication, Eun Sang Dhong, MD PhD
Personal communication, Kotaro Yoshimura, MD
Personal communication, Dana Jianu, MD PhD
Tesch BJ, Wood HM, Helwig AL, Nattinger AB. Promotion of women physicians in academic medicine: glass ceiling or sticky floor? JAMA1995; 273: 1022-1025.
Dyrbye LN, Shanafelt TD, Balch CM et al (2011) Relationship between work-home conflicts and burnout among American surgeons: a comparison by sex. Arch Surg 146:211–217
Hamilton AR, Tyson MD, Braga JA, Lerner LB (2012) Childbearing and pregnancy characteristics of female orthopaedic surgeons. J Bone Joint Surg Am 94:e77
Halperin TJ, Werler MM, Mulliken JB (2010) Gender differences in the professional and private lives of plastic surgeons. Ann Plast Surg 64:775–779
Zhuge Y, Kaufman J, Simeone DM, Chen H, Velazquez OC (2011) Is there still a glass ceiling for women in academic surgery? Ann Surg 253:637–643
Reed DA, Enders F, Lindor R, McClees M, Lindor KD (2011) Gender differences in academic productivity and leadership appointments of physicians throughout academic careers. Acad Med 86:43–47
Cochran A, Hauschild T, Elder WB et al (2013) Perceived gender-based barriers to careers in academic surgery. Am J Surg 206:263–268
Freedman-Weiss MR, Chiu AS, Heller DR et al (2020) Understanding the barriers to reporting sexual harassment in surgical training. Ann Surg 271:608–613
Capek L, Edwards DE, Mackinnon SE (1997) Plastic surgeons: a gender comparison. Plast Reconstr Surg 99:289–299
Stratton TD, McLaughlin MA, Witte FM, Fosson SE, Nora LM (2005) Does students’ exposure to gender discrimination and sexual harassment in medical school affect specialty choice and residency program selection? Acad Med 80:400–408
Barker JC, Rendon J, Janis JE (2016) Medical student mentorship in plastic surgery: the mentee’s perspective. Plast Reconstr Surg 137:1934–1942
Jagsi R, Griffith KA, DeCastro RA, Ubel P (2014) Sex, role models and specialty choices among graduates of US medical schools in 2006–2008. J Am Coll Surg 218:345–352
Yu TC, Chakraborty Jain A, M Wilson NC Hill AG (2012) Factors influencing intentions of female medical students to pursue a surgical career. J Am Coll Surg. 215:878–889
Ku MC, Li YE, Prober C, Valentine H, Girod SC (2011) Decisions, decisions: how program diversity influences residency program choice. J Am Coll Surg 213:294–305
Ngaage LB, Cantab MA, Ngadimin C et al (2020) The glass ceiling in plastic surgery: a propensity-matched analysis of the gender gap in career advancement. Plast Recontr Surg 146:690–697
Cook JA, Sasor SE, Duquette SP et al (2017) Leadership trends in academic plastic surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open 5(9 Suppl):39
Addona T, Polcino M, Silver L, Taub PJ (2009) Leadership trends in plastic surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg 123:750–753
https://www.isaps.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/ISAPS-Congress-Program-7.18.18.pdf. Accessed November 22, 2020.
https://www.isapsolympiad.com/faculty.php. Accessed November 22, 2020.
Abalkhail JM, Allan B (2015) Women’s career advancement: mentoring and networking in Saudi Arabia and the UK. Hum Resour Dev Int 18:153–168
Athanasiou T, Patel V, Garas G et al (2016) Mentoring perception, scientific collaboration and research performance: is there a “gender gap” in academic medicine? An Academic Health Science Centre perspective. Postgrad Med J 92:581–586
Marks IH, Diaz A, Keem M et al (2020) Barriers to women entering surgical careers: a global study into medical student perceptions. World J Surg 44:37–44
Schroen AT, Brownstein MR, Sheldon GF (2004) Women in academic general surgery. Acad Med 79:310–318
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to Catherine Foss, Executive Director of the International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons (ISAPS) from 1998 to 2020, for her unwavering support and encouragement of women plastic surgeons everywhere.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
This paper is dedicated to the memory of Violeta Skorobac-Asanin, MD PhD (1970-2020).
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
Dr. Naidu is a shareholder of Ideal Implant, Incorporated and a consultant for Establishment Labs. The other authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to disclose.
Human or Animal Rights
This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.
Informed Consent
For this type of study informed consent is not required.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Naidu, N.S., Patrick, P.A., Bregman, D. et al. Challenges to Professional Success for Women Plastic Surgeons: An International Survey. Aesth Plast Surg 45, 2464–2472 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00266-021-02171-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00266-021-02171-0