Abstract
An individual’s behavioral and physiological characteristics can have important impacts on fitness, including during interactions with humans. For example, certain traits (metabolic rate, boldness, etc.) have been shown to impact angling vulnerability in fish targeted by recreational anglers. While prior work has focused on boldness behavior and several metrics of metabolic performance, the role of two critical traits, social behavior and swimming performance, have rarely been directly examined. To address this gap, we conducted a study utilizing bluegill Lepomis macrochirus, a highly popular sportfish species found throughout much of North America, to determine the relationship between social behavior, swimming performance, fish size, and angling vulnerability. One hundred and seven bluegill were assessed for social behavior in a laboratory setting, using scoring methods derived from social network analysis. Bluegill were then assessed for swimming performance (critical swimming speed, Ucrit) before being angled in a naturalistic pond setting over nine daily angling sessions. Following angling, a subset of fish were left uncaptured (N = 28), were captured only once (N = 68), or were captured twice (N = 11). Both fish total length and swimming performance were positively linked with vulnerability to initial capture, with fish length also being linked to vulnerability to recapture. In addition to length, social behavior (higher sociability and lower aggression) was positively linked to vulnerability to recapture. Collectively, these results indicate that the drivers of angling vulnerability shift as angled fish populations gain more experience with lures, and that for bluegill, the most vulnerable individuals are likely to be larger and highly social.
Significance statement
Individuals within a species show several differences in their behavior and physiology. These differences may have major consequences for fitness, especially in environments impacted by humans. One example of this is freshwater fish targeted by recreational anglers, where individuals with certain behavioral or physiological traits might be more likely to be caught. In this study, we assessed the social behavior, aggression, and swimming performance of bluegill Lepomis macrochirus before angling them in a naturalistic pond setting. We found that larger size and higher swimming performance were linked to vulnerability to initial capture, while length and higher sociability caused fish to be more vulnerable to being caught a second time. Collectively, this means these traits may evolve as a result of selective harvest and also that the drivers of vulnerability may change after fish gain experience with anglers.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available because some of the data may still be used for a subsequent manuscript, but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
References
Alós J, Palmer M, Linde-Medina M, Arlinghaus R (2014) Consistent size-independent harvest selection on fish body shape in two recreationally exploited marine species. Ecol Evol 4:2154–2164. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1075
Archard GA, Earley RL, Hanninen AF, Braithwaite VA (2012) Correlated behaviour and stress physiology in fish exposed to different levels of predation pressure. Funct Ecol 26:637–645. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2012.01968.x
Arlinghaus R, Alós J, Pieterek T, Klefoth T (2017a) Determinants of angling catch of northern pike (Esox lucius) as revealed by a controlled whole-lake catch-and-release angling experiment—the role of abiotic and biotic factors, spatial encounters and lure type. Fish Res 186:648–657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2016.09.009
Arlinghaus R, Laskowski KL, Alós J, Klefoth T, Monk CT, Nakayama S, Schröder A (2017b) Passive gear-induced timidity syndrome in wild fish populations and its potential ecological and managerial implications. Fish Fish 18:360–373. https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12176
Askey PJ, Richards SA, Post JR, Parkinson EA (2006) Linking angling catch rates and fish learning under catch-and-release regulations. N Am J Fish Manag 26:1020–1029. https://doi.org/10.1577/M06-035.1
Beacham JL (1988) The relative importance of body size and aggressive experience as determinants of dominance in pumpkinseed sunfish, Lepomis gibbosus. Anim Behav 36:621–623. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-3472(88)80042-3
Beecham RV, Minchew CD, Parsons GR (2007) Comparative swimming performance of juvenile pond-cultured and wild-caught channel catfish. N Am J Fish Manag 27:729–734. https://doi.org/10.1577/M04-219.1
Binder TR, Nannini MA, Wahl DH, Arlinghaus R, Klefoth T, Philipp DP, Cooke SJ (2012) Largemouth bass selected for differential vulnerability to angling exhibit similar routine locomotory activity in experimental ponds. Trans Am Fish Soc 141:1252–1259. https://doi.org/10.1080/00028487.2012.688919
Binder TR, Wilson ADM, Wilson SM, Suski CD, Godin JJ, Cooke SJ (2016) Is there a pace-of-life syndrome linking boldness and metabolic capacity for locomotion in bluegill sunfish? Anim Behav 121:175–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.09.006
Biro PA, Post JR (2008) Rapid depletion of genotypes with fast growth and bold personality traits from harvested fish populations. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:2919–2922. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0708159105
Biro PA, Stamps JA (2008) Are animal personality traits linked to life-history productivity? Trends Ecol Evol 23:361–368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2008.04.003
Brett J (1964) The respiratory metabolism and swimming performance of young sockeye salmon. J Fish Res Board Can 21:1183–1226. https://doi.org/10.1139/f64-103
Borgatti SP, Everett MG, Freeman LC (2002) Ucinet for Windows: Software for Social Network Analysis. Harvard, MA: Analytic Technologies
Büttner K, Scheffler K, Czycholl I, Krieter J (2015) Social network analysis—centrality parameters and individual network positions of agonistic behavior in pigs over three different age levels. Springerplus 4:185–113. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-015-0963-1
Cañon Jones HA, Hansen LA, Noble C, Damsgard B, Broom DM, Pearce GP (2010) Social network analysis of behavioural interactions influencing fin damage development in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) during feed-restriction. Appl Anim Behav Sci 127:139–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2010.09.004
Caňon Jones HA, Noble C, Damsgard B, Pearce GP (2011) Social network analysis of the behavioural interactions that influence the development of fin damage in Atlantic salmon parr (Salmo salar) held at different stocking densities. Appl Anim Behav Sci 133:117–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2011.05.005
Careau V, Thomas D, Humphries MM, Réale D (2008) Energy metabolism and animal personality. Oikos 117:641–653. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0030-1299.2008.16513.x
Castro-Santos T (2011) Swimming and other activities—applied aspects of fish swimming performance. In: Farrell AP (ed) Encyclopedia of fish physiology: from genome to the environment. Elsevier, Cambridge, pp 1652–1663
Catalano MJ, Chipps SR, Bouchard MA, Wahl DH (2001) Evaluation of injectable fluorescent tags for marking centrarchid fishes: retention rate and effects on vulnerability to predation. N Am J Fish Manag 21:911–917. https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-
Conrad JL, Weinersmith KL, Brodin T, Sih A (2011) Behavioural syndromes in fishes: a review with implications for ecology and fisheries management. J Fish Biol 78:395–435. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02874.x
Cooke SJ, Suski CD (2005) Do we need species-specific guidelines for catch-and-release recreational angling to effectively conserve diverse fishery resources? Biodivers Conserv 14:1195–1209. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-004-7845-0
Cooke SJ, Suski CD, Ostrand KG, Wahl DH, Philipp DP (2007) Physiological and behavioral consequences of long-term artificial selection for vulnerability to recreational angling in a teleost fish. Physiol Biochem Zool 80:480–490. https://doi.org/10.1086/520618
Croft DP, Krause J, Couzin ID, Pitcher TJ (2003) When fish shoals meet: outcomes for evolution and fisheries. Fish Fish 4:138–146. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-2979.2003.00113.x
Croft DP, James R, Ward AJW, Botham MS, Mawdsley D, Krause J (2005) Assortative interactions and social networks in fish. Oecologia 143:211–219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-004-1796-8
Croft DP, Madden JR, Franks DW, James R (2011) Hypothesis testing in animal social networks. Trends Ecol Evol 26:502–507. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TREE.2011.05.012
Díaz Pauli B, Sih A (2017) Behavioural responses to human-induced change: why fishing should not be ignored. Evol Appl 10:231–240. https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12456
Dingemanse NJ, Wolf M (2010) Recent models for adaptive personality differences: a review. Philos Trans R Soc B 365:3947–3958. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0221
Dochtermann NA, Roff DA (2010) Applying a quantitative genetics framework to behavioural syndrome research. Philos Trans R Soc B 365:4013–4020. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0129
Dugatkin LA, Ohlsen SR (1990) Contrasting asymmetries in value expectation and resource holding power—effects on attack behavior and dominance in the pumpkinseed sunfish, Lepomis gibbosus. Anim Behav 39:802–804. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-3472(05)80394-X
Dugatkin LA, Wilson DS (1992) The prerequisites for strategic behavior in bluegill sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus. Anim Behav 44:223–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-3472(92)90028-8
Dyer JRG, Croft DP, Morrell LJ, Krause J (2009) Shoal composition determines foraging success in the guppy. Behav Ecol 20:165–171. https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arn129
Gaeta JW, Beardmore B, Latzka AW, Provencher B, Carpenter SR (2013) Catch-and-release rates of sport fishes in northern Wisconsin from an angler diary survey. N Am J Fish Manag 33:606–614. https://doi.org/10.1080/02755947.2013.785997
Gingerich AJ, Cooke SJ, Hanson KC, Donaldson MR, Hasler CT, Suski CD, Arlinghaus R (2007) Evaluation of the interactive effects of air exposure duration and water temperature on the condition and survival of angled and released. Fish Res 86:169–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2007.06.002
Graham MH (2003) Confronting multicollinearity in ecological multiple regression. Ecology 84:2809–2815. https://doi.org/10.1890/02-3114
Gregory TR, Wood CM (1998) Individual variation and interrelationships between swimming performance, growth rate, and feeding in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Can J Fish Aquat Sci 55:1583–1590. https://doi.org/10.1139/f98-044
Gregory TR, Wood CM (1999) Interactions between individual feeding behaviour, growth, and swimming performance in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed different rations. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 56:479–486. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-56-3-479
Hair JF (2010) Multivariate data analysis. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River
Härkonen L, Hyvarinen P, Paappanen J, Vainikka A (2014) Explorative behavior increases vulnerability to angling in hatchery-reared brown trout (Salmo trutta). Can J Fish Aquat Sci 71:1900–1909. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2014-0221
Harrell FE (2019). Hmisc: Harrell Miscellaneous. R package version 4.2-0
Härkonen L, Hyvarinen P, Niemela PT, Vainikka A (2016) Behavioural variation in Eurasian perch populations with respect to relative catchability. Acta Ethol 19:21–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10211-015-0219-7
Heino M, Pauli BD, Dieckmann U (2015) Fisheries-induced evolution. Annu Rev Ecol Evol S 46:461–480
Hessenauer J-M, Vokoun JC, Suski CD, Davis J, Jacobs R, O'Donnell E (2015) Differences in the metabolic rates of exploited and unexploited fish populations: a signature of recreational fisheries induced evolution? PLoS One 10:e0128336. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0128336
Houston AI, McNamara JM (1988) Fighting for food: a dynamic version of the Hawk-Dove game. Evol Ecol 2:51–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02071588
Jacoby DMP, Fear LN, Sims DW, Croft DP (2014) Shark personalities? Repeatability of social network traits in a widely distributed predatory fish. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 68:1995–2003. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-014-1805-9
Jolles JW, Boogert NJ, Sridhar VH, Couzin ID, Manica A (2017) Consistent individual differences drive collective behavior and group functioning of schooling fish. Curr Biol 27:2862–2868. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CUB.2017.08.004
Jones EA, Lucey KS, Ellerby DJ (2007) Efficiency of labriform swimming in the bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus). J Exp Biol 210:3422–3429. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.005744
Kaiser HF (1960) The application of electronic-computers to factor-analysis. Educ Psychol Meas 20:141–151. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316446002000116
Keller BA, Finger J-S, Gruber SH, Abel DC, Guttridge TL (2017) The effects of familiarity on the social interactions of juvenile lemon sharks, Negaprion brevirostris. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 489:24–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2017.01.004
Kent R, Holzman R, Genin A (2006) Preliminary evidence on group-size dependent feeding success in the damselfish Dascyllus marginatus. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 323:299–303. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps323299
Killen SS, Marras S, Ryan MR, Domenici P, McKenzie DJ (2012) A relationship between metabolic rate and risk-taking behaviour is revealed during hypoxia in juvenile European sea bass. Funct Ecol 26:134–143. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2011.01920.x
Killen SS, Mitchell MD, Rummer JL, Chivers DP, Ferrari MCO, Meekan MG, McCormick MI (2014) Aerobic scope predicts dominance during early life in a tropical damselfish. Funct Ecol 28:1367–1376. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12296
Killen SS, Reid D, Marras S, Domenici P (2015) The interplay between aerobic metabolism and antipredator performance: vigilance is related to recovery rate after exercise. Front Physiol 6:111. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2015.00111
Killen SS, Marras S, Nadler L, Domenici P (2017) The role of physiological traits in assortment among and within fish shoals. Philos Trans R Soc B 372:20160233
Klefoth T, Pieterek T, Arlinghaus R (2013) Impacts of domestication on angling vulnerability of common carp, Cyprinus carpio: the role of learning, foraging behaviour and food preferences. Fish Manag Ecol 20:174–186. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2400.2012.00865.x
Klefoth T, Skov C, Kuparinen A, Arlinghaus R (2017) Towards a mechanistic understanding of vulnerability to hook-and-line fishing: boldness as the basic target of angling-induced selection. Evol Appl 10:994–1006
Kleiber C, Zeileis A (2008) Applied Econometrics with R. New York: Springer-Verlag
Koeck B, Závorka L, Aldvén D, Naslund J, Arlinghaus R, Thornqvist P, Winberg S, Bjornsson BT, Johnsson JI (2018) Angling selects against active and stress-resilient phenotypes in rainbow trout. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 76:320–333. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2018-0085
Koeck B, Lovén Wallerius M, Arlinghaus R, Johnsson JI (2019) Behavioural adjustment of fish to temporal variation in fishing pressure affects catchability: an experiment with angled trout. Can J Fish Aquat Sci (published online). https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2019-0064)
Koolhaas JM, Korte SM, de Boer SF, Ven Der Vegt BJ, Van Reenen CG, Hopster H, De Jong IC, Ruis MA, Blokhuis HJ (1999) Coping styles in animals: current status in behavior and stress-physiology. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 23:925–935. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00026-3
Krause J, Croft D, James R (2003) Social networks in fish. J Fish Biol 63:235 (abstract). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2003.0216u.x
Kuparinen A, Hutchings JA (2012) Consequences of fisheries-induced evolution for population productivity and recovery potential. Proc R Soc Lond B 279:2571–2579. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.0120
Kuparinen A, Merilä J (2007) Detecting and managing fisheries-induced evolution. Trends Ecol Evol 22:652–659. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2007.08.011
Leclerc M, Zedrosser A, Pelletier F (2017) Harvesting as a potential selective pressure on behavioural traits. J Appl Ecol 54:1941–1945. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12893
Lennox RJ, Diserud OH, Cooke SJ, Thorstad EB, Whoriskey FG, Solem O, Havn TB, Uglem I (2016) Influence of gear switching on recapture of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in catch-and-release fisheries. Ecol Freshw Fish 25:422–428. https://doi.org/10.1111/eff.12223
Lennox RJ, Alós J, Arlinghaus R, Herodyski A, Klefoth T, Monk CT, Cooke SJ (2017) What makes fish vulnerable to capture by hooks? A conceptual framework and a review of key determinants. Fish Fish 18:986–1010. https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12219
Louison MJ, Adhikari S, Stein JA, Suski CD (2017) Hormonal responsiveness to stress is negatively associated with vulnerability to angling capture in fish. J Exp Biol 220:2529–2535. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.150730
Louison MJ, Jeffrey JD, Suski CD, Stein JA (2018a) Sociable bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus, are selectively captured via recreational angling. Anim Behav 142:129–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2018.06.013
Louison MJ, Stein J, Suski C (2018b) Metabolic phenotype is not associated with vulnerability to angling in bluegill sunfish. Can J Zool 96:1264–1271. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2017-0363
Magnhagen C (2012) Personalities in a crowd: what shapes the behaviour of Eurasian perch and other shoaling fishes? Curr Zool 58:35–44
McCartt AL, Lynch WE Jr, Johnson DL (1997) How light, a predator, and experience influence bluegill use of shade and schooling. Environ Biol Fish 49:79–87. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007353314602
Mee JA, Brauner CJ, Taylor EB (2011) Repeat swimming performance and its implications for inferring the relative fitness of asexual hybrid dace (Pisces: Phoxinus) and their sexually reproducing parental species. Physiol Biochem Zool 84:306–315. https://doi.org/10.1086/659245
Metcalfe NB, Taylor AC, Thorpe JE (1995) Metabolic rate, social status and life-history strategies in Atlantic salmon. Anim Behav 49:431–436. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbe.1995.0056
Monk CT, Arlinghaus R (2017) Encountering a bait is necessary but insufficient to explain individual variability in vulnerability to angling in two freshwater benthivorous fish in the wild. PLoS One 12:e0173989. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0173989
Morrell LJ, Croft DP, Dyer JRG, Chapman BB, Kelley JL, Laland KN, Krause J (2008) Association patterns and foraging behaviour in natural and artificial guppy shoals. Anim Behav 76:855–864. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.02.015
Mourier J, Brown C, Planes S (2017) Learning and robustness to catch-and-release fishing in a shark social network. Biol Lett 13:20160824. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2016.0824
Öst M, Seltmann MW, Jaatinen K (2015) Personality, body condition and breeding experience drive sociality in a facultatively social bird. Anim Behav 100:166–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ANBEHAV.2014.12.008
Øverli O, Harris CA, Winberg S (1999) Short-term effects of fights for social dominance and the establishment of dominant-subordinate relationships on brain monoamines and cortisol in rainbow trout. Brain Behav Evol 54:263–275. https://doi.org/10.1159/000006627
Pang X, Cao ZD, Peng JL, Fu SJ (2010) The effects of feeding on the swimming performance and metabolic response of juvenile southern catfish, Silurus meridionalis, acclimated at different temperatures. Comp Biochem Physiol A 155:253–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.11.005
Pang X, Fu SJ, Zhang YG (2016) Acclimation temperature alters the relationship between growth and swimming performance among juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Comp Biochem Physiol A 199:111–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.06.011
Paukert CP, Willis DW, Gabelhouse DW (2002) Effect and acceptance of bluegill length limits in Nebraska natural lakes. N Am J Fish Manag 22:1306–1313. https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<1306:EAAOBL>2.0.CO;2
Philipp DP, Cooke SJ, Claussen JE, Koppelman JB, Suski CD, Burkett DP (2009) Selection for vulnerability to angling in largemouth bass. Trans Am Fish Soc 138:189–199. https://doi.org/10.1577/T06-243.1
Pitcher TJ, Magurran AE, Winfield IJ (1982) Fish in larger shoals find food faster. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 10:149–151. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00300175
Plaut I (2001) Critical swimming speed: its ecological relevance. Comp Biochem Physiol A 131:41–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1095-6433(01)00462-7
Prenosil E, Koupal K, Grauf J, Schoenebeck C, Hoback WW (2016) Swimming and jumping ability of 10 Great Plains fish species. J Freshw Ecol 31:123–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/02705060.2015.1048539
Raat AJP (1991) Production, growth, condition and angling vulnerability of zander, Stizostedion lucioperca (L.), in relation to the availability of prey fish in ponds. Aquac Res 22:93–104. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.1991.tb00498.x
Réale D, Reader SM, Sol D, McDougall PT, Dingemanse NJ (2007) Integrating animal temperament within ecology and evolution. Biol Rev 82:291–318. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.2007.00010.x
Redpath TD, Cooke SJ, Suski CD, Arlinghaus R, Couture P, Wahl DH, Philipp DP (2010) The metabolic and biochemical basis of vulnerability to recreational angling after three generations of angling-induced selection in a teleost fish. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 67:1983–1992. https://doi.org/10.1139/F10-120
Reed JR, Parsons BG (1999) Angler opinions of bluegill management and related hypothetical effects on bluegill fisheries in four Minnesota lakes. N Am J Fish Manag 19:515–519. https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1999)019<0515:AOOBMA>2.0.CO;2
Reidy SP, Kerr SR, Nelson JA (2000) Aerobic and anaerobic swimming performance of individual Atlantic cod. J Exp Biol 203:347–357
Rouleau S, Glémet H, Magnan P (2010) Effects of morphology on swimming performance in wild and laboratory crosses of brook trout ecotypes. Funct Ecol 24:310–321. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2009.01636.x
Saura M, Moran P, Brotherstone S, Caballero A, Alvarez J, Villanueva B (2010) Predictions of response to selection caused by angling in a wild population of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Freshw Biol 55:923–930. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02346.x
Sbragaglia V, Alós J, Fromm K, Monk CT, Diaz-Gil C, Uusi-Heikkila S, Honsey AE, Wilson ADM, Arlinghaus R (2019) Experimental size-selective harvesting affects behavioral types of a social fish. Trans Am Fish Soc 148:552–568. https://doi.org/10.1002/tafs.10160
Scheiner SM, Gurevitch J (2001) Design and analysis of ecological experiments. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Seebacher F, Krause J (2017) Physiological mechanisms underlying animal social behaviour. Philos Trans R Soc B 372:20160231. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0231
Seebacher F, Ward AJW, Wilson RS (2013) Increased aggression during pregnancy comes at a higher metabolic cost. J Exp Biol 216:771–776. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.079756
Sih A, Bell AM (2008) Insights for behavioral ecology from behavioral syndromes. Adv Study Behav 38:227–281
Sih A, Bell AM, Johnson JC, Ziemba RE (2004) Behavioral syndromes: an integrative overview. Q Rev Biol 79:241–277. https://doi.org/10.1086/422893
Sih A, Hanser SF, McHugh KA (2009) Social network theory: new insights and issues for behavioral ecologists. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 63:975–988. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-009-0725-6
Sih A, Mathot KJ, Moirón M, Montiglio P, Wolf M, Dingemanse NJ (2015) Animal personality and state–behaviour feedbacks: a review and guide for empiricists. Trends Ecol Evol 30:50–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2014.11.004
Silk MJ, Jackson AL, Croft DP, Colhoun K, Bearhop S (2015) The consequences of unidentifiable individuals for the analysis of an animal social network. Anim Behav 104:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ANBEHAV.2015.03.005
Stamps JA (2007) Growth-mortality tradeoffs and “personality traits” in animals. Ecol Lett 10:355–363. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01034.x
Stoner AW, Ottmar ML (2004) Fish density and size alter Pacific halibut feeding: implications for stock assessment. J Fish Biol 64:1712–1724. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-1112.2004.00434.x
Sutter DAH, Suski CD, Philipp DP, Klefoth T, Wahl DH, Kersten K, Cooke SJ, Arlinghaus R (2012) Recreational fishing selectively captures individuals with the highest fitness potential. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109:20960–20965. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1212536109
Therneau TM, Grambsch PM (2000) Modeling Survival Data: Extending the Cox Model. Springer, New York
Tierney KB (2011) Swimming performance assessment in fishes. J Vis Exp 51:2572. https://doi.org/10.3791/2572
Trapp RM, Bell AM (2017) The effect of familiarity with demonstrators on social learning in three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Ethology 123:213–220. https://doi.org/10.1111/eth.12590
Twardek WM, Elvidge CK, Wilson ADM, Algera D, Zolderdo A, Lougheed SC, Cooke SJ (2017) Do protected areas mitigate the effects of fisheries-induced evolution on parental care behaviour of a teleost fish? Aquat Conserv 27:789–796. https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.2718
Uusi-Heikkilä S, Wolter C, Klefoth T, Arlinghaus R (2008) A behavioral perspective on fishing-induced evolution. Trends Ecol Evol 23:419–421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2008.04.006
Uusi-Heikkilä S, Whiteley AR, Kuparinen A et al (2015) The evolutionary legacy of size-selective harvesting extends from genes to populations. Evol Appl 8:597–620. https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12268
Vainikka A, Tammela I, Hyvarinen P (2016) Does boldness explain vulnerability to angling in Eurasian perch Perca fluviatilis? Curr Zool 62:109–115. https://doi.org/10.1093/cz/zow003
Venables WN, Ripley BD (2002) Modern Applied Statistics with S. Fourth Edition. Springer, New York
Villegas-Rios D, Alos J, Palmer M, Lowerre-Barbieri S, Banon R, Alonso-Fernandez A, Saborido-Rey F (2014) Life-history and activity shape catchability in a sedentary fish. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 515:239–250. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps11018
Ward AJW, Webster MM, Hart PJB (2006) Intraspecific food competition in fishes. Fish Fish 7:231–261. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2979.2006.00224.x
Webster MM, Ward AJW, Hart PJB (2009) Individual boldness affects interspecific interactions in sticklebacks. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 63:511–520. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-008-0685-2
Wegener MG, Schramm HL, Neal JW, Gerard PD (2018) Effect of fishing effort on catch rate and catchability of largemouth bass in small impoundments. Fish Manag Ecol 25:66–76. https://doi.org/10.1111/fme.12268
Williams AE, Worsley-Tonks KEL, Ezenwa VO (2017) Drivers and consequences of variation in individual social connectivity. Anim Behav 133:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.08.021
Wilson ADM, Godin J-GJ (2009) Boldness and behavioral syndromes in the bluegill sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus. Behav Ecol 20:231–237. https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arp018
Wilson ADM, Binder TR, McGrath KP, Cooke SJ, Godin JJ (2011) Capture technique and fish personality: angling targets timid bluegill sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 68:749–757. https://doi.org/10.1139/F2011-019
Wilson ADM, Croft DP, Krause J (2014) Social networks in elasmobranchs and teleost fishes. Fish Fish 15:676–689. https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12046
Wilson ADM, Brownscombe JW, Sullivan B, Jain-Schlaepfer S, Cooke SJ (2015) Does angling technique selectively target fishes based on their behavioural type? PLoS One 10:e0135848. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0135848
Winberg S, Nilsson GE, Olsen KH (1991) Social rank and brain levels of monoamines and monoamine metabolites in arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus (L). J Comp Physiol A 168:241–246
Wolf M, Weissing FJ (2012) Animal personalities: consequences for ecology and evolution. Trends Ecol Evol 27:452–461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2012.05.001
Yee TW (2015) Vector Generalized Linear and Additive Models: With an Implementation in R. New York, USA: Springer
Young RG, Hayes JW (2004) Angling pressure and trout catchability: behavioral observations of brown trout in two New Zealand backcountry rivers. N Am J Fish Manag 24:1203–1213. https://doi.org/10.1577/M03-177.1
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge Justin Rondón, Emi Tucker, and Vaughn Hage, who assisted with the setup and execution of all aspects of this project. We also thank the two anonymous reviewers whose constructive comments were instrumental in improving this manuscript.
Funding
This study was funded by a grant through the United States Fish and Wildlife Service’s Sport Fish Restoration program; project F-69-R to JAS.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethical statement
All experimental procedures were approved by and conducted in accordance with the University of Illinois Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC), protocol #16039. All applicable national and/or institutional guidelines for the use of animals were followed. All aspects of the manuscript were produced by the authors, with no permission needed for any material from other parties.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Communicated by I. Hamilton
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Louison, M.J., Stein, J.A. & Suski, C.D. The role of social network behavior, swimming performance, and fish size in the determination of angling vulnerability in bluegill. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 73, 139 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-019-2754-0
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-019-2754-0