Abstract
Communication signals used in animal social interactions are frequently performed repetitively, but the function of this repetition is often not well understood. We examined the effects of signal repetition by investigating the behavior of worker honey bees that received differing numbers of vibration signals in established and newly founded colonies, which could use signal repetition differently to help adjust task allocations to the labor demands associated with the different stages of colony development. In both colony types, more than half of all monitored workers received more than one vibration signal, and approximately 12% received ≥5 signals during a given 20-min observation period. Vibrated recipients exhibited greater activity and task performance than same-age non-vibrated controls at all levels of signal activity. However, vibrated workers showed similar levels of task performance, movement rates, cell inspection rates, and trophallactic exchanges regardless of the number of signals received. Thus, the repeated performance of vibration signals on individual bees did not cause cumulative increases in the activity of certain workers, but rather may have functioned to maintain relatively constant levels of activity and task performance among groups of recipients. The established and newly founded colonies did not differ in the extent to which individual workers received the different numbers of vibration signals or in the levels of activity stimulated by repeated signals. Previous work has suggested that compared to established colonies, newly founded colonies have a greater number of vibrators that perform signals on a greater proportion of the workers they contact. Taken in concert, these results suggest that vibration signal repetition may help to adjust task allocations to the different stages of colony development by helping to maintain similar levels of activity among a greater total number of recipients, rather than by eliciting cumulative effects that cause certain recipients to work harder than others.
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Acknowledgments
We thank two anonymous reviewers for providing valuable comments on the manuscript. Dr. Larry Leamy provided statistical advice. We give special thanks to Chris Boone, Jasmine Caleb, Vincent Coggins, Astha Dalsania, Anjali Desai, Nhi Duong, Debbie Her, Adriane Plymale, Tim Propst, Mikko Richardson, and Nadine Sutcliffe for their many hours of help with marking bees and data collection. The work was supported by a University of North Carolina Senior Faculty Research Grant awarded to S. S. Schneider. The experiments reported in this study comply with the animal welfare laws of the U. S.
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Cao, T.T., Hyland, K.M., Malechuk, A. et al. The effect of repeated vibration signals on worker behavior in established and newly founded colonies of the honey bee, Apis mellifera . Behav Ecol Sociobiol 63, 521–529 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-008-0686-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-008-0686-1