Abstract
Avian vocalisations often show patterns of geographic variation. Previous work on the satin bowerbird has shown that although spatial variation in this species’ advertisement calls is strongly associated with habitat structure, some variation is apparent within habitat types. Seventeen populations located throughout the species’ distribution were used to examine whether spatial call variation could be influenced by other processes such as random drift or the presence of fine-scale vocal traditions; if this were the case, differing call variants would be expected at geographically discrete sampling sites both within and among habitat types. There were population-specific call variants at each of the sites sampled, with different variants apparent even within habitat types. At most sites, individuals gave only a single variant of advertisement call, and the call variant at one site, sampled after a 5-year interval, appears to have been relatively stable. Playback experiments were conducted at three populations to examine whether local call variants invoked a greater response than several non-local variants differing in their degree of similarity to the local variant. Birds responded strongly to local call variants but not to either of two foreign variants, one of which was similar to their local variant and one of which was very different. A pattern of geographic variation across populations, the fact that local and non-local variants evoke different responses and circumstantial evidence indicating that individuals can learn new calls all suggest that factors affecting song learning and the ability of males to establish and defend a bower site may have contributed to the establishment of geographically variable vocal cultures in this species.
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Acknowledgements
I thank E. Tack and D. Westcott for the use of their recordings, numerous landowners for permission to work on their land, H. Rodgers, H. Gunter, A. Nicholls, A. Nelson, E. Parks and K. Arhangelsky for their assistance in the field and A. Goldizen, J. Austin and C. Moritz for encouragement and supervisory support. A. Goldizen, J. Scarl, D. Pavlacky, J. Endler, L. Joseph, the UQ Behavioural Ecology Research Group and several anonymous reviewers commented on earlier drafts of the manuscript. For financial support, I thank the National Science Foundation (grant to C. Moritz), Birds Australia, the Gould League of NSW and the Ecological Society of Australia. All recording and playback protocols were approved by the University of Queensland Animal Ethics Committee.
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Nicholls, J.A. Site specificity in advertisement calls and responses to playbacks of local and foreign call variants in satin bowerbirds, Ptilonorhynchus violaceus . Behav Ecol Sociobiol 62, 831–841 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-007-0509-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-007-0509-9