Abstract
Fluctuating asymmetries are subtle random deviations from perfect symmetry in bilateral traits caused by the inability of individuals to buffer their development against the disruptive effects of genetic and environmental stresses. The degree of asymmetry of secondary sexual characters is supposed to convey information about a male's phenotypic and/or genetic quality, and females may thus be expected to use bilateral symmetry as a cue in mate choice. We independently and simultaneously manipulated the length and the relative symmetry of the pelvic spines of computer-animated three-spined sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus. In all mate choice tests involving two male models differing in spine symmetry, females preferred the symmetric model, irrespective of spine length, though only significantly so when both male models had short spines. Females did not significantly discriminate between male models differing in spine length alone. The preference for symmetry was stronger the higher the females' physical condition. Our study demonstrates that female sticklebacks master the perceptual abilities required to discriminate between potential mates basing exclusively on small length differences between paired structures, and provides experimental evidence that spine symmetry is subject to sexual selection through female choice in this species.
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Acknowledgements
We thank Carlo Largiadèr, Marc Zbinden and the referees for constructive comments on the manuscript, Heinz Richner for providing facilities, and the Swiss National Science Foundation for financial support. This study conforms to the legal requirements of Switzerland.
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Mazzi, D., Künzler, R. & Bakker, T.C.M. Female preference for symmetry in computer-animated three-spined sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus . Behav Ecol Sociobiol 54, 156–161 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-003-0609-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-003-0609-0