Abstract
Purpose
To propose and to assess the reproducibility of a new method (GO [glenoid orientation] index) for the estimation of the glenoid orientation in relation to the anterior surface of the glenoid.
Methods
This is a retrospective study on computed tomography (CT) scan. The GO index was defined as the angle formed by a line perpendicular to the tangent to the anterior surface of the scapula and the glenoid line (which is defined as the line connecting the anterior and the posterior rim of the glenoid). The measurements were performed at the level of the glenoid where its diameter is the greatest. Two independent observers performed each measurement twice. The intra- and inter-observer reproducibility was evaluated by the Pearson coefficient (r) and the intra-class correlation coefficient (ρ, ICC). The correlation between GO index and glenoid version as described by Friedman was also studied.
Results
Seventy-eight CT scans were analysed, 38 shoulders with glenohumeral arthritis and 40 healthy shoulders, 32 females/46 males, mean age 53.9 ± 22.7 years. The measures were all highly correlated (r > 0.50, p = 0.00001). The intra- and inter-observer reproducibility was good to excellent (0.71 < ρ < 0.84, p = 0.00001). GO index was 26.9 ± 6.3°, 28.4 ± 6° in the group with glenohumeral osteoarthritis and 25.5 ± 6.4° in the healthy group, p = 0.04. The glenoid version was −0.8 ± 7.9° in the group with glenohumeral osteoarthritis and −3.9 ± 6° in the healthy group, p = 0.05. No agreement was found between the glenoid version and GO index.
Conclusions
GO index is simple and reproducible. It could be very useful for the pre-operative planning and intra-operative positioning of the implants in total shoulder arthroplasty.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Farron A, Terrier A, Büchler P (2006) Risks of loosening of a prosthetic glenoid implanted in retroversion. J Shoulder Elb Surg 5215:521–526. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2005.10.003
Nyffeler RW, Sheikh R, Atkinson TS, Jacob HA, Favre P, Gerber C (2006) Effects of glenoid component version on humeral head displacement and joint reaction forces: an experimental study. J Shoulder Elb Surg 15:625–629. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2005.09.016
Shapiro TA, McGarry MH, Gupta R, Lee YS, Lee TQ (2007) Biomechanical effects of glenoid retroversion in total shoulder arthroplasty. J Shoulder Elb Surg 16:S90–S95. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2006.07.010
Terrier A, Büchler P, Farron A (2006) Influence of glenohumeral conformity on glenoid stresses after total shoulder arthroplasty. J Shoulder Elb Surg 15:515–520. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2005.09.021
Friedman RJ, Hawthorne KB, Genez BM (1992) The use of computerized tomography in the measurement of glenoid version. J Bone Joint Surg Am 74:1032–1037
Poon PC, Ting FS (2012) A 2-dimensional glenoid vault method for measuring glenoid version on computed tomography. J Shoulder Elb Surg 21:329–335. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2011.04.006
Andrin J, Macaron C, Pottecher P, Martz P, Baulot E, Trouilloud P, Viard B (2015) Determination of a new computed tomography method for measuring the glenoid version and comparing with a reference method. Radio-anatomical and retrospective study. Int Orthop 40:525–529. doi:10.1007/s00264-015-2867-7
Hoenecke HR Jr, Hermida JC, Flores-Hernandez C, D’Lima DD (2010) Accuracy of CT-based measurements of glenoid version for total shoulder arthroplasty. J Shoulder Elb Surg 19:166–171. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2009.08.009
van de Bunt F, Pearl ML, Lee EK, Peng L, Didomenico P (2015) Glenoid version by CT scan: an analysis of clinical measurement error and introduction of a protocol to reduce variability. Skelet Radiol 44:1627–1635. doi:10.1007/s00256-015-2207-4
Iannotti JP, Weiner S, Rodriguez E, Subhas N, Patterson TE, Jun BJ, Ricchetti ET (2015) Three-dimensional imaging and templating improve glenoid implant positioning. J Bone Joint Surg Am 97:651–658. doi:10.2106/JBJS.N.00493
Lewis GS, Stevens NM, Armstrong AD (2015) Testing of a novel pin array guide for accurate three-dimensional glenoid component positioning. J Shoulder Elb Surg 24:1939–1947. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2015.06.022
Kircher J, Wiedemann M, Magosch P, Lichtenberg S, Habermeyer P (2009) Improved accuracy of glenoid positioning in total shoulder arthroplasty with intraoperative navigation: a prospective-randomized clinical study. J Shoulder Elb Surg 18:515–520. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2009.03.014
Bland JM, Altman DG (1986) Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. Lancet 1:307–310
Shieh G (2014) Sample size requirements for the design of reliability studies: precision consideration. Behav Res Methods 46:808–822
Cohen J (1988) Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale
Fleiss JL, Levin B, Paik MC (2003) Statistical methods for rates and proportions. Wiley, Hoboken
Walch G, Badet R, Boulahia A, Khoury A (1999) Morphologic study of the glenoid in primary glenohumeral osteoarthritis. J Arthroplasty 14:756–760
Mallon WJ, Brown HR, Vogler JB 3rd, Martinez S (1992) Radiographic and geometric anatomy of the scapula. Clin Orthop Relat Res 277:142–154
von Schroeder HP, Kuiper SD, Botte MJ (2001) Osseous anatomy of the scapula. Clin Orthop Relat Res 383:131–139
Inui H, Sugamoto K, Miyamoto T, Machida A, Hashimoto J, Nobuhara K (2001) Evaluation of three-dimensional glenoid structure using MRI. J Anat 199:323–328. doi:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19930323.x
Lewis GS, Armstrong AD (2011) Glenoid spherical orientation and version. J Shoulder Elb Surg 20:3–11. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2010.05.012
Bryce CD, Davison AC, Lewis GS, Wang L, Flemming DJ, Armstrong AD (2010) Two-dimensional glenoid version measurements vary with coronal and sagittal scapular rotation. J Bone Joint Surg Am 92:692–699. doi:10.2106/JBJS.I.00177
Matsumura N, Ogawa K, Ikegami H, Collin P, Walch G, Toyama Y (2014) Computed tomography measurement of glenoid vault version as an alternative measuring method for glenoid version. J Orthop Surg Res 9:17. doi:10.1186/1749-799X-9-17
De Wilde L, Berghs B, VandeVyver F, Schepens A, Verdonk R (2003) Glenihumeral relationship in the transverse plane of the body. J Shoulder Elb Surg 12:260–267. doi:10.1016/S1058-2746(02)86884-7
Ganapathi A, McCarron J, Chen X, Iannotti J (2011) Predicting normal glenoid version from pathologic scapula: a comparison of 4 methods in 2- and 3-dimensional models. J Shoulder Elb Surg 20:234–244. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2010.05.024
Walch G, Vezeridis PS, Boileau P, Deransart P, Chaoui J (2015) Three-dimensional planning and use of patient-specific guides improve glenoid component position: an in vitro study. Shoulder Elb Surg 24:302–309. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2014.05.029
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
T. Bauer is consultant for Arthrex. P. Hardy is consultant for Arthrex and Zimmer. The other authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest concerning this article.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Moraiti, C., Klouche, S., Werthel, J.D. et al. Description and reproducibility assessment of a new computerised tomography scan index to measure the glenoid orientation in relation to the anterior glenoid surface. International Orthopaedics (SICOT) 41, 1017–1022 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00264-016-3290-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00264-016-3290-4