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Rectal neuroendocrine neoplasms: what the radiologists should know

  • Special Section: Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
  • Published:
Abdominal Radiology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the rectum (R-NENs) are rare; however, their incidence has increased almost threefold in the last few decades. Imaging of R-NENs includes two primary categories: anatomic/morphologic imaging comprised of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and functional/molecular imaging comprising of planar scintigraphy, single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and positron emission tomography (PET). The management depends on stage, dimension, atypical features, histological grade, and lymphovascular invasion (LVI). Low-risk local R-NENs can be resected endoscopically, and high-risk or locally advanced neoplasms can be treated with radical surgery and lymphadenectomy and/or chemoradiation. The review article focuses on imaging illustrations and discusses applications of different imaging modalities in diagnosing and managing R-NENs.

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Acknowledgments

We thank MD Anderson Editing Services, Research Medical Library for revising the English of this manuscript. We are also thankful to Kelly Kage for the beautiful illustrations.

Funding

This study did not receive any financial support or funding.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL, USA

    Mayur Virarkar, Dheeraj R. Gopireddy, Sindhu Kumar & Chandana Lall

  2. Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Division of Diagnostic Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA

    Ajaykumar C. Morani, Sergio Piotr Klimkowski & Priya Bhosale

  3. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UF Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL, USA

    Ahmad Alkhasawneh

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  1. Mayur Virarkar
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Correspondence to Mayur Virarkar.

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Virarkar, M., Gopireddy, D.R., Morani, A.C. et al. Rectal neuroendocrine neoplasms: what the radiologists should know. Abdom Radiol 47, 4016–4031 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-022-03474-9

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