Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Locally recurrent rectal cancer: what the radiologist should know

  • Special Section: Rectal Cancer
  • Published:
Abdominal Radiology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Despite advances in surgical techniques and chemoradiation therapy, recurrent rectal cancer remains a cause of morbidity and mortality. After successful treatment of rectal cancer, patients are typically enrolled in a surveillance strategy that includes imaging as studies have shown improved prognosis when recurrent rectal cancer is detected during imaging surveillance versus based on development of symptoms. Additionally, patients who experience a complete clinical response with chemoradiation therapy may elect to enroll in a “watch-and-wait” strategy that includes imaging surveillance rather than surgical resection. Factors that increase the likelihood of recurrence, patterns of recurrence, and the imaging appearances of recurrent rectal cancer are reviewed with a focus on CT, PET CT, and MR imaging.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Chioreso, C., et al., Association Between Hospital and Surgeon Volume and Rectal Cancer Surgery Outcomes in Patients With Rectal Cancer Treated Since 2000: Systematic Literature Review and Meta-analysis. Dis Colon Rectum, 2018. 61(11): p. 1320-1332.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Ortholan, C., et al., Role of radiotherapy with surgery for T3 and resectable T4 rectal cancer: evidence from randomized trials. Dis Colon Rectum, 2006. 49(3): p. 302-10

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Heald, R.J. and R.D. Ryall, Recurrence and survival after total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer. Lancet, 1986. 1(8496): p. 1479-82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Pollett, W.G. and R.J. Nicholls, The relationship between the extent of distal clearance and survival and local recurrence rates after curative anterior resection for carcinoma of the rectum. Ann Surg, 1983. 198(2): p. 159-63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Rasanen, M., et al., Pattern of rectal cancer recurrence after curative surgery. Int J Colorectal Dis, 2015. 30(6): p. 775-85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. van Gijn, W., et al., Preoperative radiotherapy combined with total mesorectal excision for resectable rectal cancer: 12-year follow-up of the multicentre, randomised controlled TME trial. Lancet Oncol, 2011. 12(6): p. 575-82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Palmer, G., et al., A population-based study on the management and outcome in patients with locally recurrent rectal cancer. Ann Surg Oncol, 2007. 14(2): p. 447-54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Zhao, J., et al., Patterns and prognosis of locally recurrent rectal cancer following multidisciplinary treatment. World J Gastroenterol, 2012. 18(47): p. 7015-20.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Bird, T.G., et al., Outcomes and prognostic factors of multimodality treatment for locally recurrent rectal cancer with curative intent. Int J Colorectal Dis, 2018. 33(4): p. 393-401.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Westberg, K., et al., Management and prognosis of locally recurrent rectal cancer - A national population-based study. Eur J Surg Oncol, 2018. 44(1): p. 100-107.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Harris, C.A., et al., The Outcomes and Patterns of Treatment Failure After Surgery for Locally Recurrent Rectal Cancer. Ann Surg, 2016. 264(2): p. 323-9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Yamada, K., et al., Patterns of pelvic invasion are prognostic in the treatment of locally recurrent rectal cancer. Br J Surg, 2001. 88(7): p. 988-93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Lee, D.J., et al., Advances in surgical management for locally recurrent rectal cancer: How far have we come? World J Gastroenterol, 2017. 23(23): p. 4170-4180.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Cai, Y., et al., Prognostic factors associated with locally recurrent rectal cancer following primary surgery (Review). Oncol Lett, 2014. 7(1): p. 10-16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Zhang, X.Y., et al., MRI of Extramural Venous Invasion in Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer: Relationship to Tumor Recurrence and Overall Survival. Radiology, 2018: p. 172889.

  16. Koca, D., et al., Prognostic factors affecting recurrence and survival in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer. J BUON, 2012. 17(2): p. 291-8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Kusters, M., et al., Patterns of local recurrence in rectal cancer; a study of the Dutch TME trial. Eur J Surg Oncol, 2010. 36(5): p. 470-6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Leibold, T., et al., Prognostic implications of the distribution of lymph node metastases in rectal cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. J Clin Oncol, 2008. 26(13): p. 2106-11

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Pahlman, L., et al., The Swedish rectal cancer registry. Br J Surg, 2007. 94(10): p. 1285-92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. den Dulk, M., et al., Risk factors for adverse outcome in patients with rectal cancer treated with an abdominoperineal resection in the total mesorectal excision trial. Ann Surg, 2007. 246(1): p. 83-90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Lee, S.H., et al., The effect of circumferential tumor location in clinical outcomes of rectal cancer patients treated with total mesorectal excision. Dis Colon Rectum, 2005. 48(12): p. 2249-57.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Chan, C.L., et al., Local recurrence after curative resection for rectal cancer is associated with anterior position of the tumour. Br J Surg, 2006. 93(1): p. 105-12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Gunderson, L.L., et al., Impact of T and N stage and treatment on survival and relapse in adjuvant rectal cancer: a pooled analysis. J Clin Oncol, 2004. 22(10): p. 1785-96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Compton, C.C., Pathologic prognostic factors in the recurrence of rectal cancer. Clin Colorectal Cancer, 2002. 2(3): p. 149-60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Nagtegaal, I.D. and P. Quirke, What is the role for the circumferential margin in the modern treatment of rectal cancer? J Clin Oncol, 2008. 26(2): p. 303-12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Nagtegaal, I.D., et al., Macroscopic evaluation of rectal cancer resection specimen: clinical significance of the pathologist in quality control. J Clin Oncol, 2002. 20(7): p. 1729-34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Nagtegaal, I.D., et al., Circumferential margin involvement is still an important predictor of local recurrence in rectal carcinoma: not one millimeter but two millimeters is the limit. Am J Surg Pathol, 2002. 26(3): p. 350-7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Tural, D., et al., Preoperative chemoradiotherapy improves local recurrence free survival in locally advanced rectal cancer. J BUON, 2013. 18(2): p. 385-90.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. De Caluwe, L., Y. Van Nieuwenhove, and W.P. Ceelen, Preoperative chemoradiation versus radiation alone for stage II and III resectable rectal cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2013(2): p. CD006041.

  30. Fiorica, F., et al., Can chemotherapy concomitantly delivered with radiotherapy improve survival of patients with resectable rectal cancer? A meta-analysis of literature data. Cancer Treat Rev, 2010. 36(7): p. 539-49.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Sebag-Montefiore, D., et al., Preoperative radiotherapy versus selective postoperative chemoradiotherapy in patients with rectal cancer (MRC CR07 and NCIC-CTG C016): a multicentre, randomised trial. Lancet, 2009. 373(9666): p. 811-20.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Wong, R.K., et al., Pre-operative radiotherapy and curative surgery for the management of localized rectal carcinoma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2007(2): p. CD002102.

  33. Camma, C., et al., Preoperative radiotherapy for resectable rectal cancer: A meta-analysis. JAMA, 2000. 284(8): p. 1008-15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Benson, A.B., 3rd, et al., Rectal Cancer, Version 2.2018, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw, 2018. 16(7): p. 874-901.

  35. Folkesson, J., et al., Swedish Rectal Cancer Trial: long lasting benefits from radiotherapy on survival and local recurrence rate. J Clin Oncol, 2005. 23(24): p. 5644-50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Wang, X., et al., Preoperative short-course radiotherapy and long-course radiochemotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer: Meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis of long-term survival data. PLoS One, 2018. 13(7): p. e0200142.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. Zhou, Z.R., et al., Short-course preoperative radiotherapy with immediate surgery versus long-course chemoradiation with delayed surgery in the treatment of rectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Surg Oncol, 2014. 23(4): p. 211-21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Leite, J.S., et al., Clinical significance of macroscopic completeness of mesorectal resection in rectal cancer. Colorectal Dis, 2011. 13(4): p. 381-6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Kitz, J., et al., Association of Plane of Total Mesorectal Excision With Prognosis of Rectal Cancer: Secondary Analysis of the CAO/ARO/AIO-04 Phase 3 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Surg, 2018. 153(8): p. e181607.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Boras, Z., et al., Prognostic factors of local recurrence and survival after curative rectal cancer surgery: a single institution experience. Coll Antropol, 2012. 36(4): p. 1355-61.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. den Dulk, M., et al., The abdominoperineal resection itself is associated with an adverse outcome: the European experience based on a pooled analysis of five European randomised clinical trials on rectal cancer. Eur J Cancer, 2009. 45(7): p. 1175-83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Warschkow, R., et al., Survival after Abdominoperineal and Sphincter-Preserving Resection in Nonmetastatic Rectal Cancer: A Population-Based Time-Trend and Propensity Score-Matched SEER Analysis. Gastroenterol Res Pract, 2017. 2017: p. 6058907.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Beyond, T.M.E.C., Consensus statement on the multidisciplinary management of patients with recurrent and primary rectal cancer beyond total mesorectal excision planes. Br J Surg, 2013. 100(8): p. E1-33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Sammour, T. and G.J. Chang, Lateral pelvic lymph node dissection and radiation treatment for rectal cancer: Mutually exclusive or mutually beneficial? Ann Gastroenterol Surg, 2018. 2(5): p. 348-350

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Ho, V.P., et al., Sexual function after treatment for rectal cancer: a review. Dis Colon Rectum, 2011. 54(1): p. 113-25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Kusters, M., et al., A comparison between the treatment of low rectal cancer in Japan and the Netherlands, focusing on the patterns of local recurrence. Ann Surg, 2009. 249(2): p. 229-35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Lu, J.Y., et al., Comparison of Transanal Endoscopic Microsurgery and Total Mesorectal Excision in the Treatment of T1 Rectal Cancer: A Meta-Analysis. PLoS One, 2015. 10(10): p. e0141427.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Kidane, B., et al., Local resection compared with radical resection in the treatment of T1N0M0 rectal adenocarcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dis Colon Rectum, 2015. 58(1): p. 122-40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Sajid, M.S., et al., Systematic review and meta-analysis of published trials comparing the effectiveness of transanal endoscopic microsurgery and radical resection in the management of early rectal cancer. Colorectal Dis, 2014. 16(1): p. 2-14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Nash, G.M., et al., Long-term survival after transanal excision of T1 rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum, 2009. 52(4): p. 577-82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. You, Y.N., et al., Is the increasing rate of local excision for stage I rectal cancer in the United States justified?: a nationwide cohort study from the National Cancer Database. Ann Surg, 2007. 245(5): p. 726-33.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  52. . Eriksen, M.T., et al., Inadvertent perforation during rectal cancer resection in Norway. Br J Surg, 2004. 91(2): p. 210-6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Jorgren, F., et al., Oncological outcome after incidental perforation in radical rectal cancer surgery. Int J Colorectal Dis, 2010. 25(6): p. 731-40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Ogura, A., et al., Neoadjuvant (Chemo)radiotherapy With Total Mesorectal Excision Only Is Not Sufficient to Prevent Lateral Local Recurrence in Enlarged Nodes: Results of the Multicenter Lateral Node Study of Patients With Low cT3/4 Rectal Cancer. J Clin Oncol, 2019. 37(1): p. 33-43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Wang, S., et al., Adverse Effects of Anastomotic Leakage on Local Recurrence and Survival After Curative Anterior Resection for Rectal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. World J Surg, 2017. 41(1): p. 277-284.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Uemura, M., et al., The features of late local recurrences following curative surgery for rectal cancer. Hepatogastroenterology, 2012. 59(118): p. 1800-3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Mirnezami, A.H. and P.M. Sagar, Surgery for recurrent rectal cancer: technical notes and management of complications. Tech Coloproctol, 2010. 14(3): p. 209-16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Asoglu, O., et al., Prognostic and predictive factors after surgical treatment for locally recurrent rectal cancer: a single institute experience. Eur J Surg Oncol, 2007. 33(10): p. 1199-206.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Wanebo, H.J., et al., Pelvic resection of recurrent rectal cancer. Ann Surg, 1994. 220(4): p. 586-95; discussion 595-7.

  60. Gunderson, L.L. and H. Sosin, Areas of failure found at reoperation (second or symptomatic look) following “curative surgery” for adenocarcinoma of the rectum. Clinicopathologic correlation and implications for adjuvant therapy. Cancer, 1974. 34(4): p. 1278-92.

  61. Kontovounisios, C. and P. Tekkis, Locally Advanced Disease and Pelvic Exenterations. Clin Colon Rectal Surg, 2017. 30(5): p. 404-414.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. Warrier, S.K., A.G. Heriot, and A.C. Lynch, Surgery for Locally Recurrent Rectal Cancer: Tips, Tricks, and Pitfalls. Clin Colon Rectal Surg, 2016. 29(2): p. 114-22.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. Enriquez-Navascues, J.M., et al., Patterns of local recurrence in rectal cancer after a multidisciplinary approach. World J Gastroenterol, 2011. 17(13): p. 1674-84.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  64. Suzuki, K., et al., Curative reoperations for locally recurrent rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum, 1996. 39(7): p. 730-6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Wanebo, H.J., et al., Pelvic resection of recurrent rectal cancer: technical considerations and outcomes. Dis Colon Rectum, 1999. 42(11): p. 1438-48.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Moore, H.G., et al., Colorectal cancer pelvic recurrences: determinants of resectability. Dis Colon Rectum, 2004. 47(10): p. 1599-606.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Boyle, K.M., et al., Surgery for locally recurrent rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum, 2005. 48(5): p. 929-37.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Mohiuddin, M., et al., Curative surgical resection following reirradiation for recurrent rectal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 1997. 39(3): p. 643-9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Sagar, P.M., Ultraradical resection for locally recurrent rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum, 2014. 57(1): p. 1-2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Hartley, J.E., et al., Resection of locally recurrent colorectal cancer in the presence of distant metastases: can it be justified? Ann Surg Oncol, 2003. 10(3): p. 227-33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Solomon, M.J., et al., Pubic Bone Excision and Perineal Urethrectomy for Radical Anterior Compartment Excision During Pelvic Exenteration. Dis Colon Rectum, 2015. 58(11): p. 1114-9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Milne, T., et al., Assessing the impact of a sacral resection on morbidity and survival after extended radical surgery for locally recurrent rectal cancer. Ann Surg, 2013. 258(6): p. 1007-13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Dozois, E.J., et al., High sacrectomy for locally recurrent rectal cancer: Can long-term survival be achieved? J Surg Oncol, 2011. 103(2): p. 105-9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Young, P.E., et al., Early detection of colorectal cancer recurrence in patients undergoing surgery with curative intent: current status and challenges. J Cancer, 2014. 5(4): p. 262-71.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  75. Schaefer, O. and M. Langer, Detection of recurrent rectal cancer with CT, MRI and PET/CT. Eur Radiol, 2007. 17(8): p. 2044-54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Rodriguez-Moranta, F., et al., Postoperative surveillance in patients with colorectal cancer who have undergone curative resection: a prospective, multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. J Clin Oncol, 2006. 24(3): p. 386-93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Chau, I., et al., The value of routine serum carcino-embryonic antigen measurement and computed tomography in the surveillance of patients after adjuvant chemotherapy for colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol, 2004. 22(8): p. 1420-9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Jeffery, M., et al., Follow-up strategies for patients treated for non-metastatic colorectal cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2016. 11: p. CD002200.

  79. Mollica, M.A., et al., Examining colorectal cancer survivors’ surveillance patterns and experiences of care: a SEER-CAHPS study. Cancer Causes Control, 2017. 28(10): p. 1133-1141.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Kupfer, S.S., et al., Adherence to postresection colorectal cancer surveillance at National Cancer Institute-designated Comprehensive Cancer Centers. Cancer Med, 2018. 7(11): p. 5351-5358.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  81. Fichera, A., Less Is More in Colorectal Cancer Posttreatment Surveillance. JAMA Surg, 2018. 153(10): p. 877.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Snyder, R.A., et al., Association Between Intensity of Posttreatment Surveillance Testing and Detection of Recurrence in Patients With Colorectal Cancer. JAMA, 2018. 319(20): p. 2104-2115.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  83. Rosati, G., et al., A randomized trial of intensive versus minimal surveillance of patients with resected Dukes B2-C colorectal carcinoma. Ann Oncol, 2016. 27(2): p. 274-80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Blomqvist, L., et al., MR imaging, CT and CEA scintigraphy in the diagnosis of local recurrence of rectal carcinoma. Acta Radiol, 1996. 37(5): p. 779-84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Pema, P.J., et al., CT vs MRI in diagnosis of recurrent rectosigmoid carcinoma. J Comput Assist Tomogr, 1994. 18(2): p. 256-61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Stueckle, C.A., et al., Multi-detector CT in the evaluation of patients with recurrence of rectal cancer. Technol Cancer Res Treat, 2006. 5(3): p. 285-9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Even-Sapir, E., et al., Detection of recurrence in patients with rectal cancer: PET/CT after abdominoperineal or anterior resection. Radiology, 2004. 232(3): p. 815-22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Maas, M., et al., What is the most accurate whole-body imaging modality for assessment of local and distant recurrent disease in colorectal cancer? A meta-analysis: imaging for recurrent colorectal cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 2011. 38(8): p. 1560-71.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  89. Huebner, R.H., et al., A meta-analysis of the literature for whole-body FDG PET detection of recurrent colorectal cancer. J Nucl Med, 2000. 41(7): p. 1177-89.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Kitajima, K., et al., Performance of integrated FDG PET/contrast-enhanced CT in the diagnosis of recurrent colorectal cancer: Comparison with integrated FDG PET/non-contrast-enhanced CT and enhanced CT. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 2009. 36(9): p. 1388-96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Shamim, S.A., et al., Role of FDG-PET/CT in detection of recurrent disease in colorectal cancer. Nucl Med Commun, 2010. 31(6): p. 590-6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Berger, K.L., et al., FDG PET evaluation of mucinous neoplasms: correlation of FDG uptake with histopathologic features. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2000. 174(4): p. 1005-8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Lee, D.H., et al., Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastases: Diagnostic Performance and Prognostic Value of PET/MR Imaging. Radiology, 2016. 280(3): p. 782-92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Rai, V. and N. Mishra, Transanal Approach to Rectal Polyps and Cancer. Clin Colon Rectal Surg, 2016. 29(1): p. 65-70.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  95. Hupkens, B.J.P., et al., MRI surveillance for the detection of local recurrence in rectal cancer after transanal endoscopic microsurgery. Eur Radiol, 2017. 27(12): p. 4960-4969.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Torricelli, P., et al., Gadolinium-enhanced MRI with dynamic evaluation in diagnosing the local recurrence of rectal cancer. Abdom Imaging, 2003. 28(1): p. 19-27.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Lambregts, D.M., et al., Value of MRI and diffusion-weighted MRI for the diagnosis of locally recurrent rectal cancer. Eur Radiol, 2011. 21(6): p. 1250-8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  98. Colosio, A., et al., Value of diffusion-weighted and gadolinium-enhanced MRI for the diagnosis of pelvic recurrence from colorectal cancer. J Magn Reson Imaging, 2014. 40(2): p. 306-13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Molinelli, V., et al., Role of MRI and added value of diffusion-weighted and gadolinium-enhanced MRI for the diagnosis of local recurrence from rectal cancer. Abdom Radiol (NY), 2018. 43(11): p. 2903-2912.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  100. Nural, M.S., et al., Efficiency of apparent diffusion coefficients in differentiation of colorectal tumor recurrences and posttherapeutical soft-tissue changes. Eur J Radiol, 2013. 82(10): p. 1702-9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Robinson, P., et al., Recurrent or residual pelvic bowel cancer: accuracy of MRI local extent before salvage surgery. Clin Radiol, 2002. 57(6): p. 514-22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Messiou, C., et al., Pre-operative MR assessment of recurrent rectal cancer. Br J Radiol, 2008. 81(966): p. 468-73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Brown, W.E., et al., Validation of MRI and Surgical Decision Making to Predict a Complete Resection in Pelvic Exenteration for Recurrent Rectal Cancer. Dis Colon Rectum, 2017. 60(2): p. 144-151.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Dresen, R.C., et al., Absence of tumor invasion into pelvic structures in locally recurrent rectal cancer: prediction with preoperative MR imaging. Radiology, 2010. 256(1): p. 143-50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Habr-Gama, A., et al., Operative versus nonoperative treatment for stage 0 distal rectal cancer following chemoradiation therapy: long-term results. Ann Surg, 2004. 240(4): p. 711-7; discussion 717-8.

  106. Beets-Tan, R.G.H., et al., Magnetic resonance imaging for clinical management of rectal cancer: Updated recommendations from the 2016 European Society of Gastrointestinal and Abdominal Radiology (ESGAR) consensus meeting. Eur Radiol, 2018. 28(4): p. 1465-1475.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Habr-Gama, A., et al., Alternative treatment to surgery for rectal cancer. Annals of Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery, 2018. 3(5).

  108. Lambregts, D.M., et al., Long-term follow-up features on rectal MRI during a wait-and-see approach after a clinical complete response in patients with rectal cancer treated with chemoradiotherapy. Dis Colon Rectum, 2011. 54(12): p. 1521-8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Plodeck, V., et al., FDG-PET/MRI in patients with pelvic recurrence of rectal cancer: first clinical experiences. Eur Radiol, 2019. 29(1): p. 422-428.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Pressler Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA

    Dhakshinamoorthy Ganeshan & Gaiane M. Rauch

  2. Montpellier Cancer Research Institute, IRCM, Montpellier Cancer Research Institute, 208 Ave des Apothicaires, 34295, Montpellier, France

    Stephanie Nougaret

  3. Department of Radiology, Montpellier Cancer Institute, INSERM, U1194, University of Montpellier, 208 Ave des Apothicaires, 34295, Montpellier, France

    Stephanie Nougaret

  4. Department of Radiology, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA

    Elena Korngold

  5. Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, 1364 Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA

    Courtney C. Moreno

Authors
  1. Dhakshinamoorthy Ganeshan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Stephanie Nougaret
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Elena Korngold
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Gaiane M. Rauch
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Courtney C. Moreno
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Courtney C. Moreno.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ganeshan, D., Nougaret, S., Korngold, E. et al. Locally recurrent rectal cancer: what the radiologist should know. Abdom Radiol 44, 3709–3725 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-019-02003-5

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-019-02003-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation