Abstract
Purpose
To evaluate whole-lesion ADC histogram metrics for assessing the malignant potential of pancreatic intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs), including in comparison with conventional MRI features.
Methods
Eighteen branch-duct IPMNs underwent MRI with DWI prior to resection (n = 16) or FNA (n = 2). A blinded radiologist placed 3D volumes-of-interest on the entire IPMN on the ADC map, from which whole-lesion histogram metrics were generated. The reader also assessed IPMN size, mural nodularity, and adjacent main-duct dilation. Benign (low-to-intermediate grade dysplasia; n = 10) and malignant (high-grade dysplasia or invasive adenocarcinoma; n = 8) IPMNs were compared.
Results
Whole-lesion ADC histogram metrics demonstrating significant differences between benign and malignant IPMNs were: entropy (5.1 ± 0.2 vs. 5.4 ± 0.2; p = 0.01, AUC = 86%); mean of the bottom 10th percentile (2.2 ± 0.4 vs. 1.6 ± 0.7; p = 0.03; AUC = 81%); and mean of the 10–25th percentile (2.8 ± 0.4 vs. 2.3 ± 0.6; p = 0.04; AUC = 79%). The overall mean ADC, skewness, and kurtosis were not significantly different between groups (p ≥ 0.06; AUC = 50–78%). For entropy (highest performing histogram metric), an optimal threshold of >5.3 achieved a sensitivity of 100%, a specificity of 70%, and an accuracy of 83% for predicting malignancy. No significant difference (p = 0.18–0.64) was observed between benign and malignant IPMNs for cyst size ≥3 cm, adjacent main-duct dilatation, or mural nodule. At multivariable analysis of entropy in combination with all other ADC histogram and conventional MRI features, entropy was the only significant independent predictor of malignancy (p = 0.004).
Conclusion
Although requiring larger studies, ADC entropy obtained from 3D whole-lesion histogram analysis may serve as a biomarker for identifying the malignant potential of IPMNs, independent of conventional MRI features.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Kim SH, Lee JM, Lee ES, et al. (2015) Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas: evaluation of malignant potential and surgical resectability by using MR imaging with MR cholangiography. Radiology 274:723–733. doi:10.1148/radiol.14132960
Lim JH, Lee G, Oh YL (2001) Radiologic spectrum of intraductal papillary mucinous tumor of the pancreas. Radiographics 21:323–337. doi:10.1148/radiographics.21.2.g01mr01323
Campbell NM, Katz SS, Escalon JG, Do RK (2015) Imaging patterns of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas: an illustrated discussion of the International Consensus Guidelines for the Management of IPMN. Abdom Imaging 40:663–677. doi:10.1007/s00261-014-0236-4
Tanaka M, Fernandez-del Castillo C, Adsay V, et al. (2012) International consensus guidelines 2012 for the management of IPMN and MCN of the pancreas. Pancreatology 12:183–197. doi:10.1016/j.pan.2012.04.004
Jang DK, Ryu JK, Chung KH, et al. (2015) Risk factors for progression or malignancy in main-duct and mixed-type intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas. Pancreas 45:1027–1031. doi:10.1097/MPA.0000000000000592
Hackert T, Fritz S, Klauss M, et al. (2015) Main-duct intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm: high cancer risk in duct diameter of 5 to 9 mm. Ann Surg 262:875–880. doi:10.1097/SLA.0000000000001462
Kawamoto S, Horton KM, Lawler LP, Hruban RH, Fishman EK (2005) Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas: can benign lesions be differentiated from malignant lesions with multidetector CT? Radiographics 25:1451–1468. doi:10.1148/rg.256055036
Tang RS, Weinberg B, Dawson DW, et al. (2008) Evaluation of the guidelines for management of pancreatic branch-duct intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm. Clin Gastroenterol H 6:815–819. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2008.04.005
Pelaez-Luna M, Chari S, Smyrk TC, et al. (2007) Do consensus indications for resection in branch duct intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm predict malignancy? A study of 147 patients. Am J Gastroenterol 102(8):1759–1764. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01224.x
Koh DM, Collins DJ (2007) Diffusion-weighted MRI in the body: applications and challenges in oncology. AJR Am J Roentgenol 188:1622–1635. doi:10.2214/AJR.06.1403
Padhani AR, Liu G, Koh DM, et al. (2009) Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging as a cancer biomarker: consensus and recommendations. Neoplasia 11:102–125. doi:10.1593/neo.81328
Kwee TC, Takahara T, Ochiai R, et al. (2009) Whole-body diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Eur J Radiol 70:409–417. doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2009.03.054
Barral M, Taouli B, Guiu B, et al. (2015) Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of the pancreas: current status and recommendations. Radiology 274:45–63. doi:10.1148/radiol.14130778
Kang KM, Lee JM, Shin CI, et al. (2013) Added value of diffusion-weighted imaging to MR cholangiopancreatography with unenhanced mr imaging for predicting malignancy or invasiveness of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas. J Magn Reson Imaging 38:555–563. doi:10.1002/jmri.24022
Ogawa T, Horaguchi J, Fujita N, et al. (2014) Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging for evaluating the histological degree of malignancy in patients with intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm. J Hepatobiliary Panreat Sci 21:801–808. doi:10.1002/jhbp.135
Fatima Z, Ichikawa T, Motosugi U, et al. (2011) Magnetic resonance diffusion-weighted imaging in the characterization of pancreatic mucinous cystic lesions. Clin Radiol 66:108–111. doi:10.1016/j.crad.2010.10.004
Sandrasegaran K, Akisik FM, Patel AA, et al. (2011) Diffusion-weighted imaging in characterization of cystic pancreatic lesions. Clin Radiol 66:808–814. doi:10.1016/j.crad.2011.01.016
Rosenkrantz AB (2013) Histogram-based apparent diffusion coefficient analysis: an emerging tool for cervical cancer characterization? AJR Am J Roentgenol 200:311–313. doi:10.2214/AJR.12.9926
Rosenkrantz AB, Obele C, Rusinek H, et al. (2015) Whole-lesion diffusion metrics for assessment of bladder cancer aggressiveness. Abdom Imaging 40:327–332. doi:10.1007/s00261-014-0213-y
Cho SH, Kim GC, Jang YJ, et al. (2015) Locally advanced rectal cancer: post-chemoradiotherapy ADC histogram analysis for predicting a complete response. Acta Radiol 56:1042–1050. doi:10.1177/0284185114550193
Kierans AS, Bennet GL, Mussi TC, et al. (2013) Characterization of malignancy of adnexal lesions using ADC entropy: comparison with mean ADC and qualitative DWI assessment. J Magn Reson Imaging 37:164–171. doi:10.1002/jmri.23794
Donati OF, Mazaheri Y, Afaq A, et al. (2014) Prostate cancer aggressiveness: assessment with whole-lesion histogram analysis of the apparent diffusion coefficient. Radiology 271:143–152. doi:10.1148/radiol.13130973
Downey K, Riches SF, Morgan VA, et al. (2013) Relationship between imaging biomarkers of stage I cervical cancer and poor-prognosis histologic features: quantitative histogram analysis of diffusion-weighted MR images. AJR Am J Roentgenol 200:314–320. doi:10.2214/AJR.12.9545
Poussaint TY, Vajapeyam S, Ricci KI, et al. (2016) Apparent diffusion coefficient histogram metrics correlate with survival in diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma: a report from the Pediatric Brain Tumor Consortium. Neuro Oncol 18:725–734. doi:10.1093/neuonc/nov256
Doric D, Nikolic-Doric E, Jevremovic V, Malisic J (2009) On measuring skewness and kurtosis. Qual Quant 43:481–493. doi:10.1007/s11135-007-9128-9
DeCarlo LT (1997) On the meaning and use of kurtosis. Psychol Methods 3:292–307. doi:10.1037//1082-989x.2.3.292
Foroutan P, Kreahling JM, Morse DL, et al. (2013) Diffusion MRI and novel texture analysis in osteosarcoma xenotransplants predicts response to anti-checkpoint therapy. PLoS ONE 12:e82875. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0082875
Gupta R, Mortele KJ, Tatli S, et al. (2008) Pancreatic intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms: role of CT in predicting pathologic subtypes. AJR Am J Roentgenol 191:1458–1464. doi:10.2214/AJR.07.3302
Rosenkrantz AB, Ream JM, Nolan P, et al. (2015) Prostate cancer: utility of whole-lesion apparent diffusion coefficient metrics for prediction of biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy. AJR Am J Roentgenol 205:1208–1214. doi:10.2214/AJR.15.14482
Farnell MB (2008) Surgical management of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) of the pancreas. J Gastrointest Surg 12:414–416. doi:10.1007/s11605-007-0349-y
Chang Y, Paul AK, Kim N, et al. (2016) Computer-aided diagnosis for classifying benign versus malignant thyroid nodules based on ultrasound images: a comparison with radiologist-based assessments. Med Phys 43:554. doi:10.1118/1.4939060
Barry B, Buch K, Soto JA, et al. (2014) Quantifying liver fibrosis through the application of texture analysis to diffusion weighted imaging. Magn Reson Imaging 32:84–90. doi:10.1016/j.mri.2013.04.006
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Funding
No funding was received for this study.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval
All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
Informed consent
The requirement for written informed consent was waived by the IRB.
Additional information
The NYU School of Medicine Institutional Review Board approved this study.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hoffman, D.H., Ream, J.M., Hajdu, C.H. et al. Utility of whole-lesion ADC histogram metrics for assessing the malignant potential of pancreatic intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs). Abdom Radiol 42, 1222–1228 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-016-1001-7
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-016-1001-7