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Non-oncological applications of RGD-based single-photon emission tomography and positron emission tomography agents

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A Correction to this article was published on 04 March 2021

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Abstract

Introduction

Non-invasive imaging techniques (especially single-photon emission tomography and positron emission tomography) apply several RGD-based imaging ligands developed during a vast number of preclinical and clinical investigations. The RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) sequence is a binding moiety for a large selection of adhesive extracellular matrix and cell surface proteins. Since the first identification of this sequence as the shortest sequence required for recognition in fibronectin during the 1980s, fundamental research regarding the molecular mechanisms of integrin action have paved the way for development of several pharmaceuticals and radiopharmaceuticals with clinical applications. Ligands recognizing RGD may be developed for use in the monitoring of these interactions (benign or pathological). Although RGD-based molecular imaging has been actively investigated for oncological purposes, their utilization towards non-oncology applications remains relatively under-exploited.

Methods and Scope

This review highlights the new non-oncologic applications of RGD-based tracers (with the focus on single-photon emission tomography and positron emission tomography). The focus is on the last 10 years of scientific literature (2009–2020). It is proposed that these imaging agents will be used for off-label indications that may provide options for disease monitoring where there are no approved tracers available, for instance Crohn’s disease or osteoporosis. Fundamental science investigations have made progress in elucidating the involvement of integrin in various diseases not pertaining to oncology. Furthermore, RGD-based radiopharmaceuticals have been evaluated extensively for safety during clinical evaluations of various natures.

Conclusion

Clinical translation of non-oncological applications for RGD-based radiopharmaceuticals and other imaging tracers without going through time-consuming extensive development is therefore highly plausible.

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Acknowledgments

The graphic abstract for this article was provided by the scientific illustrator Cristina Sala Ripoll (www.cristinasalaripoll.com). Language editing was kindly provided by Hester Oosthuizen (hester.oos@mweb.co.za), and advanced language editing and scientific editing was provided by Bioeditman (http://bioeditman.org/contact-5/).

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  1. Thomas Ebenhan and Janke Kleynhans contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa

    Thomas Ebenhan, Janke Kleynhans & Mike Sathekge

  2. Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure, NPC, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa

    Thomas Ebenhan, Janke Kleynhans & Jan Rijn Zeevaart

  3. DST/NWU Preclinical Drug Development Platform, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa

    Jan Rijn Zeevaart

  4. Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehangno Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-744, South Korea

    Jae Min Jeong

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The original online version of this article was revised: There was a mistake in the original article. The references cited in Table 1 to Table 4 are incorrect. The correct set of references per table appears below. Table 1 must rather refer to references 17 (first entry) to 27 (last entry) NOT 8 (first) to 18 (last) Table 2 must rather refer to references 28 (first entry) to 61 (last entry) NOT 19 (first) to 52 (last) Table 3 must rather refer to references 62 (first entry) to 65 (last entry) NOT 53 (first) to 56 (last) Table 4 must rather refer to references 66 (first entry) to 72 (last entry) NOT 57 (first) to 63 (last) The original article has been corrected.

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Ebenhan, T., Kleynhans, J., Zeevaart, J.R. et al. Non-oncological applications of RGD-based single-photon emission tomography and positron emission tomography agents. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 48, 1414–1433 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-020-04975-9

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