Abstract
Introduction
The combination of clinical MRI and PET systems has received increased attention in recent years. In contrast to currently used PET/CT systems, PET/MRI offers not only improved soft-tissue contrast and reduced levels of ionizing radiation, but also a wealth of MRI-specific information such as functional, spectroscopic and diffusion tensor imaging. Combining PET and MRI, however, has proven to be very challenging, due to the detrimental cross-talk effects between the two systems.
Objective
Significant progress has been made in the recent years to overcome these difficulties, with several groups reporting PET/MRI prototypes for animal imaging and a clinical insert for neurological applications being demonstrated at the 2007 Annual Meeting of the Society of Nuclear Medicine.
Discussion
In this paper we review different architectures for clinical PET/MRI systems, and their possibilities, limitations and technological obstacles.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.




References
Beyer T, Townsend DW, Brun T, Kinahan PE, Charron M, Roddy R, et al. A combined PET/CT scanner for clinical oncology. J Nucl Med 2000;41:1369–79.
European Commission. Referral guidelines for imaging radiation protection 118. Technical Report. ISBN: 92-828-9454-1; 2001.
Zaidi H, Mawlawi O, Orton CG. Point/counterpoint. Simultaneous PET/MR will replace PET/CT as the molecular multimodality imaging platform of choice. Med Phys 2007;34:1525–8.
Christensen NL, Hammer BE, Heil BG, Fetterly K. Positron emission tomography within a magnetic field using photomultiplier tubes and lightguides. Phys Med Biol 1995;40:691–7.
Cumalat JP, Cheung HWK, Hassed J, Smith BD, Bross AD. Effects of magnetic fields on the light yield of scintillators. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res Sect A 1990;293:606–14.
Yamamoto S, Kuroda K, Senda M. Scintillator selection for MR-compatible gamma detectors. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 2003;50:1683–5.
Lucas AJ, Hawkes RC, Ansorge RE, Williams GB, Nutt RE, Clark JC, et al. Development of a combined microPET-MR system. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2006;5:337–41.
Marsden PK, Strul D, Keevil SF, Williams SCR, Cash D. Simultaneous PET and NMR. Br J Radiol 2002;75:53–9.
Raylman RR, Majewski S, Velan SS, Lemieux S, Kross B, Popov V, et al. Simultaneous acquisition of magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) data and positron emission tomography (PET) images with a prototype MR-compatible, small animal PET imager. J Magn Reson 2007;186:305–10.
Shao Y, Cherry S, Farahani K, Slates R, Silverman R, Meadors K, et al. Development of a PET detector system compatible with MRI/NMR systems. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 1997;44:1167–71.
Pichler B, Lorenz E, Mirzoyan R, Pimpl W, Roder F, Schwaiger M, et al. Performance test of a LSO-APD PET module in a 9.4 Tesla magnet. Proc IEEE Nucl Sci Symp 1997;2:1237–9.
Catana C, Wu Y, Judenhofer MS, Qi J, Pichler BJ, Cherry SR. Simultaneous acquisition of multislice PET and MR images: initial results with a MR-compatible PET scanner. J Nucl Med 2006;47:1968–76.
Catana C, Procissi D, Wu Y, Judenhofer MS, Qi J, Pichler BJ, et al. Simultaneous in vivo positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008;105:3705–10.
Grazioso R, Zhanga N, Corbeila J, Schmanda M, Ladebeck R, Vester M, et al. APD-based PET detector for simultaneous PET/MR imaging. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res Sect A 2006;569:301–5.
Pichler BJ, Judenhofer MS, Catana C, Walton JH, Kneilling M, Nutt RE, et al. Performance test of an LSO-APD detector in a 7-T MRI scanner for simultaneous PET/MRI. J Nucl Med 2006;47:639–47.
Woody C, Schlyer D, Vaska P, Tomasi D, Solis-Najera S, Rooney W. Preliminary studies of a simultaneous PET/MRI scanner based on the RatCAP small animal tomograph. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res Sect A 2007;571:102–5.
Junnarkar S, Fried J, O’Connor P, Radeka V, Vaska P, Purschke M. MRI compatible G-link and PCI based data acquisition hardware for the RatCAP scanner. IEEE Nucl Sci Symp 2006;1:380–3.
Zang-Hee C, Young-Don S, Hang-Keun K, Kyoung-Nam K, Se-Hong O, Jae-Yong H, et al. A hybrid PET-MRI: an integrated molecular-genetic imaging system with HRRT-PET and 7.0-T MRI. Int J Imaging Sys Tech 2007;17:252–65.
Shao Y, Cherry SR, Farahani K, Meadors K, Siegel S, Silverman RW, et al. Simultaneous PET and MR imaging. Phys Med Biol 1997;42:1965–70.
Slates RB, Farahani K, Shao Y, Marsden PK, Taylor J, Summers PE. A study of artefacts in simultaneous PET and MR imaging using a prototype MR compatible PET scanner. Phys Med Biol 1999;44:2015–27.
Pichler BJ, Swann BK, Rochelle J, Nutt RE, Cherry SR, Siegel SB. Lutetium oxyorthosilicate block detector readout by avalanche photodiode arrays for high resolution animal PET. Phys Med Biol 2004;49:4305–19.
Spanoudaki VC, McElroy DP, Torres-Espallardo I, Ziegler SI. Effect of temperature on the performance of proportional APD-based modules for gamma ray detection in positron emission tomography. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 2008;55:469–80.
Carson RE, Herscovitch P, Daube-Witherspoon ME, editors. Quantitative functional brain imaging with positron emission tomography. 1st ed. New York: Academic Press; 1998.
Raylman RR, Majewski S, Lemieux SK, Velan SS, Kross B, Popov V. Simultaneous MRI and PET imaging of a rat brain. Phys Med Biol 2006;51:6371–9.
Schlyer D, Vaska P, Tomasi D, Woody C, Maramraju S-H, Southekal S. A simultaneous PET/MRI scanner based on RatCAP in small animals. IEEE Nucl Sci Symp 2007;5:3256–9.
Judenhofer MS, Wehrl HF, Newport DF, Catana C, Siegel SB, Becker M, et al. Simultaneous PET-MRI: a new approach for functional and morphological imaging. Nat Med 2008;14:459–65.
Schlemmer H, Pichler B, Wienhard K, Schmand M, Nahmias C, Townsend D, et al. Simultaneous MR/PET for brain imaging: first patient scans (abstract). J Nucl Med 2007;48(Suppl 2):45P.
Schlemmer H, Pichler BJ, Schmand M, Burbar Z, Michel C, Ladebeck R, et al. Simultaneous MR/PET imaging of the human brain: feasibility study. Radiology 2008;248:1028–35.
Handler W, Chronik B, Scholl T, Gilbert K, Peng H. Combining field-cycled magnetic resonance imaging with positron emission tomography (abstract). J Nucl Med Meeting Abstracts 2007;48(Suppl 2):89P.
Martinez M, Torres I, Ladebeck R, Nekolla S, Ziegler S, Schwaiger M. Whole-body MR-PET: characterization of PET performance by Monte Carlo simulations (abstract). J Nucl Med 2007;48(Suppl 2):46P.
Otte A, Barral J, Dolgoshein B, Hose J, Klemin S, Lorenz E, et al. A test of silicon photomultipliers as readout for PET. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res Sect A 2005;545:705–15.
Spanoudaki VC, Mann AB, Otte AN, Konorov I, Torres-Espallardo I, Paul S, et al. Use of single photon counting detector arrays in combined PET/MR: characterization of LYSO-SiPM detector modules and comparison with a LSO-APD detector. J Instrum 2007;2:P12002.
Strul D, Cash D, Keevil S, Halsted P, Williams S, Marsden P. Gamma shielding materials for MR-compatible PET. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 2003;50:60–9.
Lee H, Li Z, Chen K, Hsu A, Xu C, Xie J, et al. PET/MRI dual-modality tumor imaging using arginine-glycine-aspartic (RGD)-conjugated radiolabeled iron oxide nanoparticles. J Nucl Med 2008;49:1371–9.
Schwaiger M, Ziegler S, Nekolla S. MR-PET: Combining function, anatomy and more. Medical Solutions, Special edition 2005 - Molecular imagin, http://www.medical.siemens.com/siemens/en_US/rg_marcom_FBAs/files/brochures/brochures/magazin_special2005/P25–30_MRPET_Combining_e.pdf.
Acknowledgment
This work was supported by a research grant from Siemens AG.
Conflict of interest
None.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Delso, G., Ziegler, S. PET/MRI system design. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 36 (Suppl 1), 86–92 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-008-1008-6
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-008-1008-6
Keywords
- Positron emission tomography
- Magnetic resonance imaging
- Instrumentation
- Equipment design