References
Mather LE, Chang DHT. Cardiotoxicity with modern local anesthestics: is there a safer choice. Drugs 2001; 61: 333–342.
Knudsen K, Beckman Suurkula M, Blomberg S, Sjovall J, Edvardsson N. Central nervous and cardiovascular effects of i.v. infusions of ropivacaine, bupivacaine and placebo in volunteers. Br J Anaesth. 1997; 78: 507–514.
Boren E, Teuber SS, Naguwa SM, Gershwin ME. A critical review of local anesthetic sensitivity. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2007; 32(1): 119–128.
Sullivan SG, Abbott PJ. Cardiovascular toxicity associated with intraarticular bupivacaine. Anesth Analg 1994; 79: 591–593.
Katz JA, Kaeding CS, Hill JR, Henthorn TK. The pharmacokinetics of bupivacaine when injected intra-articularly after knee arthroscopy. Anesth Analg. 1988; 67(9): 872–875.
Convery PN, Milligan KR, Quinn P, Sjövall J, Gustafsson U. Efficacy and uptake of ropivacaine and bupivacaine after single intra-articular injection in the knee joint. Br J Anaesth. 2001; 87(4): 570–576.
Dogan N, Erdem AF, Erman Z, Kizilkaya M. The effects of bupivacaine and neostigmine on articular cartilage and synovium in the rabbit knee joint. J Int Med Res. 2004; 32(5): 513–519.
Chu CR, Izzo NJ, Papas NE, Fu FH. In vitro exposure to 0.5% bupivacaine is cytotoxic to bovine articular chondrocytes. Arthroscopy 2006; 22(7): 693–699.
Karpie JC, Chu CR. Lidocaine exhibits dose- and time-dependent cytotoxic effects on bovine articular chondrocytes in vitro. Am J Sports Med. 2007; 35(10): 1621–1627.
Chu CR, Izzo NJ, Coyle CH, Papas NE, Logar A. The in vitro effects of bupivacaine on articular chondrocytes. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2008; 90(6): 814–820.
Piper SL, Kim HT. Comparison of ropivacaine and bupivacaine toxicity in human articular chondrocytes. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2008; 90-A: 986–991.
Sanders TG, Zlatkin MB, Paruchuri BN, Higgins RW. Chondrolysis of the glenohumeral joint after arthroscopy: findings on radiography and low-field-strength MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2007; 188: 1094–1098.
Petty DH, Jazrawi LM, Estrada LS, Andrews JR. Glenohumeral chondrolysis after shoulder arthroscopy: case reports and review of the literature. Am J Sports Med 2004; 32: 509–515.
Hansen BP, Beck CL, Beck EP, Townsley RW. Postarthroscopic glenohumeral chondrolysis. Am J Sports Med 2007; 35: 1628–1634.
Bojescul JA, Wilson G, Taylor DC. Idiopathic chondrolysis of the ankle. Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery 2005; 21: 224–227.
Gomoll AH, Kang RW, Williams JM, Bach BR, Cole BJ. Chondrolysis after continuous intra-articular bupivacaine infusion: an experimental model investigating chondrotoxicity in the rabbit shoulder. Arthroscopy 2006; 22: 813–819.
Feinstein DL, Murphy P, Sharp A, Galea E, Gavrilyuk V, Weinberg G. Local anesthetics potentiate nitric oxide synthase type 2 expression in rat glial cells. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2001; 13: 99–105.
Chiang N, Schwab JM, Fredman G, Kasuga K, Gelman S, Serhan CN. Anesthetics impact the resolution of inflammation. PLoS ONE 2008; 3(4): e1879.
Hollmann MW, Gross A, Jelacin N, Durieux ME. Local anesthetic effects on priming and activation of human neutrophils. Anesthesiology 2001; 95: 113–122.
Park CJ, Park SA, Yoon TG, et al. Bupivacaine induces apoptosis via ROS in the Schwann cell line. J Dent Res 2005; 84: 852–857.
Scott DB, Lee A, Fagan D, Bowler GM, Bloomfield P, Lundh R. Acute toxicity of ropivacaine compared with that of bupivacaine. Anesth Analg 1989; 69: 563–569.
Marret E, Gentili M, Bonnet MP, Bonnet F. Intra-articular ropivacaine 0.75% and bupivacaine 0.50% for analgesia after arthroscopic knee surgery: a randomized prospective study. Arthroscopy 2005; 21(3): 313–316.
Samoladas EP, Chalidis B, Fotiadis H, Terzidis I, Ntobas T, Koimtzis M. The intra-articular use of ropivacaine for the control of post knee arthroscopy pain. J Orthop Surg 2006; 1: 17.
Martinsson T, Haegerstrand A, Dalsgaard CJ. Effects of ropivacaine on eicosanoid release from human granulocytes and endothelial cells in vitro. Inflamm Res 1997; 46: 398–403.
Blumenthal S, Borgeat A, Pasch T, Reyes L, Booy C, Lambert M, Schimmer RC, Beck-Schimmer B. Ropivacaine decreases inflammation in experimental endotoxin-induced lung injury. Anesthesiology 2006; 104(5): 961–969.
Acknowledgement
The authors wish to thank Dr. Peter L. Munk, University of British Columbia, for bringing this issue to our attention.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kamath, R., Strichartz, G. & Rosenthal, D. Perspective: cartilage toxicity from local anesthetics. Skeletal Radiol 37, 871–873 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00256-008-0567-8
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00256-008-0567-8