Abstract
It has been known that ground motion amplitude will be amplified at mountaintops; however, such topographic effects are not included in conventional landslide hazard models. In this study, a modified procedure that considers the topographic effects is proposed to analyze the seismic landslide hazard. The topographic effect is estimated by back analysis. First, a 3D dynamic numerical model with irregular topography is constructed. The theoretical topographic amplification factors are derived from the dynamic numerical model. The ground motion record is regarded as the reference motion in the plane area. By combining the topographic amplification factors with the reference motions, the amplified acceleration time history and amplified seismic intensity parameters are obtained. Newmark’s displacement model is chosen to perform the seismic landslide hazard analysis. By combining the regression equation and the seismic parameter of peak ground acceleration and Arias intensity, the Newmark’s displacement distribution is generated. Subsequently, the calculated Newmark’s displacement maps are transformed to the hazard maps. The landslide hazard maps of the 99 Peaks region, Central Taiwan are evaluated. The actual landslide inventory maps triggered by the 21 September 1999, Chi-Chi earthquake are compared with the calculated hazard maps. Relative to the conventional procedure, the results show that the proposed procedures, which include the topographic effect can obtain a better result for seismic landslide hazard analysis.
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Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Ting-To Yu (NCKU Satellite Geoinformatics Research Centre) for providing us with the digital elevation model and the Industrial Technology Research Institute for providing us with the digital inventory of landslides triggered by the Chi-Chi earthquake, which have led to significant improvement of this article. The authors also thank the anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments and suggestions.
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S3. Seismic map generated by the 1999, Chi-Chi earthquake (The rectangular region is the study area). (a) PGA map (JPG 203 kb)
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S4. Seismic map generated by the 1999, Chi-Chi earthquake (The rectangular region is the study area). (b) Arias intensity map(JPG 204 kb)
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S7. Newmark’s displacement map. (a) The Newmark’s displacement map generated by the procedure with topography effect (JPG 534 kb)
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S8. Newmark’s displacement map. (b) The Newmark’s displacement map generated by the procedure without topography effect(JPG 587 kb)
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Peng, WF., Wang, CL., Chen, ST. et al. A seismic landslide hazard analysis with topographic effect, a case study in the 99 Peaks region, Central Taiwan. Environ Geol 57, 537–549 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-008-1323-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-008-1323-z