Abstract
Lake Sapanca in NW Turkey is a fault originated freshwater basin fed by seasonally variable flows of 15 streams. Considerations of lake–river interaction, supported by statistical measures of 47 bottom samples, suggest that sediment transport and deposition within the lake is controlled by two types of human constructed structures in addition to natural factors: (1) the dykes constructed in the front of streams, which feed the lake by strong flows, to prevent the filling of lakebed by coarse-grained sediments; (2) the constructed regulator on the outflowing Çarksuyu stream results in a higher sedimentation rate of clay-sized material on the NE corner of the lake, which is extraordinary in the shelf environment.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Barka AA (1997) Neotectonics of the Marmara region: In: Chindler C, Pfister M (eds) Active tectonics of Northwestern Anatolia—The Marmara poly-project. Hochschul-verlag AG an der ETH, Zürih, pp 55–87
Barka AA, Akyüz S, Altunel E, Sunal G, Çakır Z, Dikbaş A, Yerli B, Rockwell T, Dolan J, Hartleb R, Dawson T, Fumal T, Langridge R, Stenner H, Christofferson S, Tucker A, Armijo R, Meyer B, Chabalier JB, Lettis W, Page W, Bachhuber J (2000) The August 17, 1999 Izmit earthquake, M = 7.4, Eastern Marmara region, Turkey: study of surface rupture and slip distribution. In: Barka AA, Kozacı Ö, Akyüz S, Altunel E (eds), The 1999 Izmit and Düzce earthquakes: preliminary results. Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, pp 15–30
Elmas A (2003) Late Cenozoic tectonics and stratigraphy of the northwestern Anatolia: the effects of the North Anatolian Fault to the region. Int J Earth Sci 92:380–396
Emre Ö, Erkal T, Tchepalyga A, Kazancı N, Keçer M, Ünay E (1998) Neogene–Quaternary evolution of the eastern Marmara–Black Sea region, northwest Turkey. Bull Min Res Expl Inst 120:119–145
Ertürk O (1994) Geology, minerological and geochemical analysis of Sapanca Lake bottom sediments. PhD thesis (unpublished), IUFBE, Istanbul, p 113 (in Turkish, with English abstract)
Esenli V (1995) The hydrogeochemical study of Sapanca Lake basin and the minerological and geochemical investigation of that lake sediments. PhD thesis (unpublished). ITUFBE, Istanbul, p 146 (in Turkish, with English abstract)
Folk RL, Ward WC (1957) Brazos River bar: a study in the significance of grain size parameters. J Sed Petr 27:3–26
Gürbüz A, Gürer ÖF (2006) Morphotectonic analyses of the North Anatolian Fault in the Lake Sapanca basin. 10th Meeting of Active Tectonic Research Group (ATAG10) İzmir, p 36
Hakanson L (1977) The influence of wind, fetch, and water depth on the distribution of sediments in Lake Vanern, Sweden. Can J Earth Sci 14:397–412
Herece E, Akay E (2003) Atlas of North Anatolian Fault (NAF). General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration, Special Publication series-2, Ankara, p 61 + 13 appendices as separate maps
Kindle EM (1925) The bottom deposits of Lake Ontario. R Soc Can Proc (3rd series) 19(IV):47–102
Lettis W, Bachhuber J, Barka A, Witter R, Brankman C (2000) Surface fault rupture and segmentation during the Kocaeli earhquake. In: Barka A, Kozacı Ö, Akyüz S, Altunel E (Eds) The 1999 Izmit and Düzce earthquakes: preliminary results. ITU, Istanbul, pp 31–54
Lewis CFM (1966) Sedimentation studies of unconsolidated deposits in the Lake Erie basin. PhD thesis (unpublished), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, p 134
Morkoç E, Tuğrul S, Öztürk M, Tüfekçi H, Egesel L, Tüfekçi V, Okay OS, Legovic T (1998) Trophic characteristics of the Sapanca Lake (Turkey). Croa Chem Acta 71:303–322
Nelson CS (1983) Bottom sediments of Lake Rotoma. N Z J Mar Freshwater Res 17:185–204
Phillips CJ, Nelson CS (1981) Sedimentation in an artificial lake—Lake Matahina, Bay of Plenty. N Z J Mar Freshwater Res 15:459–473
Pickrill RA (1978) Beach and nearshore morphology of Lakes Manapouri and Te Anau, New Zeland: natural models of continental shelf. N Z J Geol Geophys 21:229–242
Schaap BD, Sando SK (2002) Sediment accumulation and distribution in Lake Kampeska, Watertown, South Dakota. USGS water resources investigations report 02–4171, p 42
Shepard FP (1954) Nomenclature based on sand–silt ratios. J Sed Petr 24:151–158
Straub C, Kahle HG, Schindler C (1997) GPS and geologic estimates of the tectonic activity in the Marmara Sea region, NW Anatolia. J Geop Res 102:27587–27601
Şengör AMC, Yılmaz Y (1981) Tethyan evolution of Turkey: A plate tectonic approach. Tectonophysics 75:181–241
Thomas RL, Kemp ALW, Lewis CFM (1972) Distribution, composition and characteristics of the surficial sediments of Lake Ontario. J Sed Petr 42(1):66–84
Yiğitbaş E, Elmas A, Sefunç A, Özer N (2004) Major neotectonic features of eastern Marmara region, Turkey: development of the Adapazarı–Karasu corridor and its tectonic significance. Geol J 39:179–198
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to Dr. Mustafa Ergin (Ankara University) who helped in the revision of this paper.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gürbüz, A., Gürer, Ö.F. Anthropogenic affects on lake sedimentation process: a case study from Lake Sapanca, NW Turkey. Environ Geol 56, 299–307 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-007-1165-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-007-1165-0