The de novo production of drosophilin A (tetrachloro-4-methoxyphenol) and drosophilin A methyl ether (tetrachloro-1,4-dimethoxybenzene) by ligninolytic basidiomycetes

Abstract

Ligninolytic basidiomycetes were screened for their ability to produce the tetrachlorinated hydroquinone metabolites drosophilin A (DA, tetrachloro-4-methoxyphenol) and drosophilin A methyl ether (DAME, tetrachloro-1,4-dimethoxybenzene). Five fungal strains produced these metabolites in detectable amounts, including strains from Bjerkandera and Peniophora, which are genera not previously known for DA or DAME production. Phellinus fastuosus ATCC26.125 had the highest and most reliable production of DA and DAME in peptone medium, respectively 15–60 μM and 4–40 μM. This fungus was used to study culture conditions that could increase DAME production. A fourfold increase in DAME production was found after the addition of hydroquinone to growing cultures of P. fastuosus. Therefore, hydroquinone is postulated to be a possible biosynthetic precursor of DAME in the fungus. Antagonising P. fastuosus by adding filter-sterilised culture fluid of a competing fungus, Phlebia radiata, increased DAME production significantly by tenfold. This result suggests that DAME production is elicited by compounds present in the culture fluid of P. radiata, indicating that DAME has an antibiotic function in P. fastuosus.