Abstract
Sur7 is one of multiple proteins constituting MCC (membrane compartment of Can1 acting as an arginine/H+ symporter), a crucial membrane domain that can form punctuate eisosome spots on the plasma membrane and execute diverse functions in model yeast but remains poorly understood in filamentous fungi. Here, a Sur7 homolog bearing a typical SUR7 domain and four transmembrane domains was shown to localize in the conidial vesicles and enter vacuoles and appear sporadically on the periphery membrane during hyphal growth in the insect-pathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana, implicating an involvement of Sur7 in cellular events linked to both plasma membrane and vacuoles. Deletion of sur7 resulted in reduced conidiation capacity and impaired conidial quality, which was featured by slower germination, attenuated virulence, and reduced carbohydrate epitopes (β-N-acetylglucosamine and sialic acids). Also, the hyphal cell walls of the deletion mutant were severely impaired due to ~ 70% reductions in chitin and neutral carbohydrate contents and a moderate increase in alkali-soluble carbohydrate content. Consequently, the deletion mutant became more sensitive to three cell wall perturbing chemicals (Congo red, calcofluor white, and SDS) and an antifungal drug (caspofungin) and surprisingly showed a hypersensitivity to oxidative stress of H2O2 and an increased sensitivity to osmotic stress of NaCl or sorbitol. Its hypersensitivity to H2O2 was associated with transcriptional repression of critical catalase genes required for H2O2 decomposition. These findings unveil that Sur7 takes part in both MCC/eisosome and vacuolar events and hence acts as a sustainer of conidiation capacity, cell wall integrity, multiple stress tolerance, and virulence in B. bassiana.
Key points • Sur7 is a component of the crucial membrane domain MCC in Beauveria bassiana. • Sur7 localizes mainly in the vacuoles and sporadically on the periphery membrane. • Sur7 is required for cell wall integrity and has a pleiotropic effect on B. bassiana. |
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alvarez FJ, Douglas LM, Rosebrock A, Konopka JB (2008) The Sur7 protein regulates plasma membrane organization and prevents intracellular cell wall growth in Candida albicans. Mol Biol Cell 19:5214–5225
Alvarez FJ, Douglas LM, Konopka JB (2009) The Sur7 protein resides in punctate membrane subdomains and mediates spatial regulation of cell wall synthesis in Candida albicans. Commun Integr Biol 2:76–77
Bernardo SM, Lee SA (2010) Candida albicans SUR7 contributes to secretion, biofilm formation, and macrophage killing. BMC Microbiol 10:133
de Faria MR, Wraight SP (2007) Mycoinsecticides and mycoacaricides: a comprehensive list with worldwide coverage and international classification of formulation types. Biol Control 43:237–256
Dickson RC, Sumanasekera C, Lester RL (2006) Functions and metabolism of sphingolipids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Prog Lipid Res 45:447–465
Douglas LM, Konopka JB (2014) Fungal membrane organization: the eisosome concept. Annu Rev Microbiol 68:377–393
Douglas LM, Wang HX, Li L, Konopka JB (2011) Membrane compartment occupied by Can1 (MCC) and eisosome subdomains of the fungal plasma membrane. Membranes 1:394–411
Douglas LM, Wang HX, Keppler-Ross S, Dean N, Konopka JB (2012) Sur7 promotes plasma membrane organization and is needed for resistance to stressful conditions and to the invasive growth and virulence of Candida albicans. mBio 3:e00254–e00211
Dupont S, Beney L, Ritt JF, Lherminier J, Gervais P (2010) Lateral reorganization of plasma membrane is involved in the yeast resistance to severe dehydration. Biochim Biophys Acta 1798:975–985
Fang WX, Yu XY, Wang B, Zhou H, Ouyang HM, Ming J, Jin C (2009) Characterization of the Aspergillus fumigatus phosphomannose isomerase Pmi1 and its impact on cell wall synthesis and morphogenesis. Microbiol-SGM 155:3281–3293
Grossmann G, Malinsky J, Stahlschmidt W, Loibl M, Weig-Meckl I, Frommer WB, Opekarova M, Tanner W (2008) Plasma membrane microdomains regulate turnover of transport proteins in yeast. J Cell Biol 183:1075–1088
Lu P, Feng MG, Li WF, Hu CX (2006) Construction and characterization of a bifunctional fusion enzyme of Bacillus-sourced beta-glucanase and xylanase expressed in Escherichia coli. FEMS Microbiol Lett 261:224–230
Luo XD, Keyhani NO, Yu XD, He ZJ, Luo ZB, Pei Y, Zhang YJ (2012) The MAP kinase Bbslt2 controls growth, conidiation, cell wall integrity, and virulence in the insect pathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. Fungal Genet Biol 49:544–555
Malinska K, Malinsky J, Opekarova M, Tanner W (2003) Visualization of protein compartmentation within the plasma membrane of living yeast cells. Mol Biol Cell 14:4427–4436
Malinska K, Malinsky J, Opekarova M, Tanner W (2004) Distribution of Can1p into stable domains reflects lateral protein segregation within the plasma membrane of living S. cerevisiae cells. J Cell Sci 117:6031–6041
Malinsky J, Opekarova M, Tanner W (2010) The lateral compartmentation of the yeast plasma membrane. Yeast 27:473–478
Moreira KE, Walther TC, Aguilar PS, Walter P (2009) Pil1 controls eisosome biogenesis. Mol Biol Cell 20:809–818
Ortiz-Urquiza A, Luo ZB, Keyhani NO (2015) Improving mycoinsecticides for insect biological control. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 99:1057–1068
Penalva MA (2005) Tracing the endocytic pathway of Aspergillus nidulans with FM4-64. Fungal Genet Biol 42:963–975
Puttikamonkul S, Willger SD, Grahl N, Perfect JR, Movahed N, Bothner B, Park S, Paderu P, Perlin DS, Cramer RA Jr (2010) Trehalose 6-phosphate phosphatase is required for cell wall integrity and fungal virulence but not trehalose biosynthesis in the human fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. Mol Microbiol 77:891–911
Shao W, Cai Q, Tong SM, Ying SH, Feng MG (2020) Nuclear Ssr4 is required for the in vitro and in vivo asexual cycles and global gene activity of Beauveria bassiana. mSystems 5:e00677-19
Sivadon P, Peypouquet MF, Doignon F, Aigle M, Crouze M (1997) Cloning of the multicopy suppressor gene SUR7: evidence for a functional relationship between the yeast actin-binding protein Rvs167 and a putative membranous protein. Yeast 13:747–761
Stradalova V, Stahlschmidt W, Grossmann G, Blazikova M, Rachel R, Tanner W, Malinsky J (2009) Furrow-like invaginations of the yeast plasma membrane correspond to membrane compartment of Can1. J Cell Sci 122:2887–2894
Tong SM, Feng MG (2019) Insights into regulatory roles of MAPK-cascaded pathways in multiple stress responses and life cycles of insect and nematode mycopathogens. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 103:577–587
Vangelatos I, Roumelioti K, Gournas C, Suarez T, Scazzocchio C, Sophianopoulou V (2010) Eisosome organization in the filamentous ascomycete Aspergillus nidulans. Eukaryot Cell 9:1441–1454
Veses V, Richards A, Gow NA (2008) Vacuoles and fungal biology. Curr Opin Microbiol 11:503–510
Walther TC, Brickner JH, Aguilar PS, Bernales S, Pantoja C, Walter P (2006) Eisosomes mark static sites of endocytosis. Nature 439:998–1003
Walther TC, Aguilar PS, Frohlich F, Chu F, Moreira K, Burlingame AL, Walter P (2007) Pkh-kinases control eisosome assembly and organization. EMBO J 26:4946–4955
Wanchoo A, Lewis MW, Keyhani NO (2009) Lectin mapping reveals stage-specific display of surface carbohydrates in in vitro and haemolymph-derived cells of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. Microbiol-SGM 155:3121–3133
Wang HX, Douglas LM, Aimanianda V, Latge JP, Konopka JB (2011) The Candida albicans Sur7 protein is needed for proper synthesis of the fibrillar component of the cell wall that confers strength. Eukaryot Cell 10:72–80
Wang ZL, Zhang LB, Ying SH, Feng MG (2013) Catalases play differentiated roles in the adaptation of a fungal entomopathogen to environmental stresses. Environ Microbiol 15:409–418
Wang JJ, Qiu L, Cai Q, Ying SH, Feng MG (2014) Three α-1,2-mannosyltransferases contribute differentially to conidiation, cell wall integrity, multistress tolerance and virulence of Beauveria bassiana. Fungal Genet Biol 70:1–10
Wang HX, Douglas LM, Vesela P, Rachel R, Malinsky J, Konopka JB (2016) Eisosomes promote the ability of Sur7 to regulate plasma membrane organization in Candida albicans. Mol Biol Cell 27:1663–1675
Xiao GH, Ying SH, Zheng P, Wang ZL, Zhang SW, Xie XQ, Shang YF, St Leger RJ, Zhao GP, Wang CS, Feng MG (2012) Genomic perspectives on the evolution of fungal entomopathogenicity in Beauveria bassiana. Sci Rep 2:483
Xie XQ, Li F, Ying SH, Feng MG (2012) Additive contributions of two manganese-cored superoxide dismutases (MnSODs) to antioxidation, UV tolerance and virulence of Beauveria bassiana. PLoS One 7:e30298
Ying SH, Feng MG (2006) Novel blastospore-based transformation system for integration of phosphinothricin resistance and green fluorescence protein genes into Beauveria bassiana. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 72:206–210
Ying SH, Feng MG, Keyhani NO (2013) Use of uridine auxotrophy (ura3) for markerless transformation of the mycoinsecticide Beauveria bassiana. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 97:3017–3025
Yoshikawa K, Tanaka T, Furusawa C, Nagahisa K, Hirasawa T, Shimizu H (2009) Comprehensive phenotypic analysis for identification of genes affecting growth under ethanol stress in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Yeast Res 9:32–44
Young ME, Karpova TS, Brugger B, Moschenross DM, Wang GK, Schneiter R, Wieland FT, Cooper JA (2002) The Sur7p family defines novel cortical domains in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, affects sphingolipid metabolism, and is involved in sporulation. Mol Cell Biol 22:927–934
Zhang LB, Feng MG (2018) Antioxidant enzymes and their contributions to biological control potential of fungal insect pathogens. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 102:4995–5004
Zhang LB, Tang L, Ying SH, Feng MG (2015) Subcellular localization of six thioredoxins and their antioxidant activity and contributions to biological control potential in Beauveria bassiana. Fungal Genet Biol 76:1–9
Zhang LB, Tang L, Ying SH, Feng MG (2017) Two eisosome proteins play opposite roles in autophagic control and sustain cell integrity, function and pathogenicity in Beauveria bassiana. Environ Microbiol 19:2037–2052
Acknowledgments
We thank She-Long Zhang (Core Facilities, College of Life Sciences, ZJU), Jun-Ying Li (Analytical Center of Agrobiology and Environmental Sciences, ZJU), and Ying-Ying Huang (Core Facilities, School of Medicine, ZJU) for technical assistance with LSCM, TEM, and flow cytometry analyses respectively.
Funding
Funding of this work was provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.: 81701132, 31772218, and 31701844), the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China (Grant No.: 2017YFD0201202), and Natural Science Foundation of Fujian (Grant No.: 2018 J05058).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
LBZ, LT, and MGF conceived and designed research. LBZ, LT, and YG conducted experiments. MGF contributed new reagents or analytical tools. LBZ and MGF analyzed data. LBZ and MGF wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests.
Ethical approval
This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhang, LB., Tang, L., Guan, Y. et al. Subcellular localization of Sur7 and its pleiotropic effect on cell wall integrity, multiple stress responses, and virulence of Beauveria bassiana. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 104, 6669–6678 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-020-10736-3
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-020-10736-3