Abstract
Glucosamine (GlcN) is an amine sugar, in which a hydroxyl group of glucose is replaced with an amino group. It is an important part of the polysaccharides chitin and chitosan and is highly hydrophilic. It is also an important compound required for the formation of cartilage cells and represents one of the elementary units of the cartilage matrix and joint fluid. GlcN has been widely used in food, cosmetics, health care, and pharmaceutical industries. This paper fully addresses the categories and biomanufacturing methods of GlcN, including its production by fermentation with wild-type as well as engineered microorganisms and enzymatic catalysis with a series of chitinolytic enzymes. However, GlcN is usually produced from glucose by fermentation in a coupled manner with N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc). Enzymatic catalysis is thus a specific pathway for production of GlcN where chitin can be directly hydrolyzed to GlcN. In industry, GlcN produced with fungal mycelium as raw materials (plant GlcN) is thought as a high-end product because of vegetarian and non-transgenosis. In our opinion, more studies should be performed in order to develop a competitive enzymatic pathway using Aspergillus niger mycelium for the preparation of high-end GlcN.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abdel-Gawad KM, Hifney AF, Fawzy MA, Gomaa M (2017) Technology optimization of chitosan production from Aspergillus niger biomass and its functional activities. Food Hydrocoll 63:593–601
Aranaz I, Mengíbar M, Harris R, Panos I, Miralles B, Acosta N, Galed G, Heras A (2009) Functional characterization of chitin and chitosan. 3. https://doi.org/10.2174/187231309788166415
Artmann DJ, Amrain W, Murauer A, Ganzera M, Vrabl P, Schinagl CW, Burgstaller W (2019) Critical evaluation of a putative glucosamine excretion by Aspergillus niger CBS120.49 and Penicillium ochrochloron CBS123.824 under citric acid producing conditions. Sci Rep 9:7496. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-43976-z
Bao J, Liu N, Zhu L, Xu Q, Huang H, Jiang L (2018) Programming a biofilm-mediated multienzyme-assembly-cascade system for the biocatalytic production of glucosamine from chitin. J Agric Food Chem 66:8061–8068. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02142
Cai J, Yang J, Du Y, Fan L, Qiu Y, Li J, Kennedy JF (2006) Enzymatic preparation of chitosan from the waste Aspergillus niger mycelium of citric acid production plant. Carbohydr Polym 64:151–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2005.11.004
Chen X, Liu L, Li J, Du G, Chen J (2012) Improved glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine production by an engineered Escherichia coli via step-wise regulation of dissolved oxygen level. Bioresour Technol 110:534–538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.12.015
Deng M, Wassink SL, Grund AD (2006) Engineering a new pathway for N-acetylglucosamine production: coupling a catabolic enzyme, glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase, with a biosynthetic enzyme, glucosamine-6-phosphate N-acetyltransferase. Enzym Microb Technol 39:828–834
Deng MD, Severson DK, Grund AD, Wassink SL, Burlingame RP, Berry A, Running JA, Kunesh CA, Song L, Jerrell TA, Rosson RA (2005) Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for industrial production of glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine. Metab Eng 7:201–214
Dhillon GS, Brar SK, Verma M, Tyagi RD (2011) Utilization of different agro-industrial wastes for sustainable bioproduction of citric acid by Aspergillus niger. Biochem Eng J 54:83–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2011.02.002
Gao C, Zhang A, Chen K, Hao Z, Tong J, Ouyang P (2015) Characterization of extracellular chitinase from Chitinibacter sp. GC72 and its application in GlcNAc production from crayfish shell enzymatic degradation. Biochem Eng J 97:59–64
Grifoll-Romero L, Pascual S, Aragunde H, Biarnés X, Planas A (2018) Chitin deacetylases: structures, specificities, and biotech applications. Polymers (Basel) 10:352–381. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10040352
Gu Y, Lv X, Liu Y, Li J, Du G, Chen J, Rodrigo LA, Liu L (2019) Synthetic redesign of central carbon and redox metabolism for high yield production of N-acetylglucosamine in Bacillus subtilis. Metab Eng 51:59–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben.2018.10.002
Hsieh JW, Wu HS, Wei YH, Wang SS (2007) Determination and kinetics of producing glucosamine using fungi. Biotechnol Prog 23:1009–1016
Kafetzopoulos D, Martinou A, Bouriotis V (1993) Bioconversion of chitin to chitosan: purification and characterization of chitin deacetylase from Mucor rouxii. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 90:2564–2568. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.90.7.2564
Kennedy J (2005) Herb and supplement use in the US adult population. Clin Ther 27:1847–1858
Kim WJ, Lee WG, Theodore K, Chang HN (2001) Optimization of culture conditions and continuous production of chitosan by the fungi, Absidia coerulea. Biotechnol Bioprocess Eng 6:6–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02942243
Kuk JH, Jung WJ, Jo GH, Kim YC, Kim KY, Park RD (2005) Production of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine from chitin by Aeromonas sp. GJ-18 crude enzyme. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 68:384–389
Liaqat F, Eltem R (2018) Chitooligosaccharides and their biological activities: a comprehensive review. Carbohydr Polym 184:243–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.12.067
Lin BC, Wu HS (2010) Production and separation of glucosamine using Aspergillus sp. BCRC 31742 cultivated in a fermentor. J Biotechnol 150:350–350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.09.389
Liu L, Liu Y, Shin HD, Chen R, Li J, Du G, Chen J (2013) Microbial production of glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine: advances and perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 97:6149–6158. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-013-4995-6
Lv YM, Laborda P, Huang K, Cai ZP, Wang M, Lu AM, Doherty C, Liu L, Flitsch SL, Voglmeir J (2017) Highly efficient and selective biocatalytic production of glucosamine from chitin. Green Chem 19:527–535. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6gc02910h
Ma W, Liu Y, Lv X, Li J, Du G, Liu L (2019) Combinatorial pathway enzyme engineering and host engineering overcomes pyruvate overflow and enhances overproduction of N-acetylglucosamine in Bacillus subtilis. Microb Cell Factories 18:1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12934-018-1049-x
Ma W, Liu Y, Shin HD, Li J, Chen J, Du G, Liu L (2018) Metabolic engineering of carbon overflow metabolism of Bacillus subtilis for improved N-acetyl-glucosamine production. Bioresour Technol 250:642–649
Marikani DK, Nesakumari M, Rajarathinam K, Aja R (2010) Production and characterization of mushroom chitosan under solid-state fermentation conditions. Adv Biol Res 4:10–13
Nahar P, Ghormade V, Deshpande MV (2004) The extracellular constitutive production of chitin deacetylase in Metarhizium anisopliae: possible edge to entomopathogenic fungi in the biological control of insect pests. J Invertebr Pathol 85:80–88
Nidheesh T, Gaurav Kumar P, Suresh PV (2015) Enzymatic degradation of chitosan and production of D-glucosamine by solid substrate fermentation of exo-β-D-glucosaminidase (exochitosanase) by Penicillium decumbens CFRNT15. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 97:97–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2014.10.016
Pochanavanich P, Suntornsuk W (2002) Fungal chitosan production and its characterization. Lett Appl Microbiol 35:17–21. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1472-765X.2002.01118.x
Qu M, Ma L, Chen P, Yang Q (2014) Proteomic analysis of insect molting fluid with a focus on enzymes involved in chitin degradation. J Proteome Res 13:2931–2940
Rozin AP (2009) Glucosamine sulfate-environmental antibacterial activity. Clin Rheumatol 28:1221–1223
Sashiwa H, Fujishima S, Yamano N, Kawasaki N, Nakayama A, Muraki E, Hiraga K, Oda K, S-i A (2002) Production of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine from α-chitin by crude enzymes from Aeromonas hydrophila H-2330. Carbohydr Res 337:761–763
Shahidi F, Synowiecki J (1991) Isolation and characterization of nutrients and value-added products from snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio) and shrimp (Pandalus borealis) processing discards. J Agric Food Chem 39:1527–1532
Sitanggang AB, Sophia L, Wu H-S (2012) Aspects of glucosamine production using microorganisms. Int Food Res J 19:393–404
Sitanggang AB, Wu HS, Wang SS, Ho YC (2010) Effect of pellet size and stimulating factor on the glucosamine production using Aspergillus sp. BCRC 31742. Bioresour Technol 101:3595–3601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.12.084
Streit F, Koch F, Laranjeira MCM, Ninow JL (2009) Production of fungal chitosan in liquid cultivation using apple pomace as substrate. Braz J Microbiol 40:20–25
Sun Y, Zhang J, Wu S, Shujun W (2013) Preparation of D-glucosamine by hydrolysis of chitosan with chitosanase and β-D-glucosaminidase. Int J Biol Macromol 61:160–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.06.033
Wang S, Li P, Su J, Liang R, Wu X (2014) Enhanced glucosamine production with Actinomucor elegans based on stimulating factor of methanol. Indian J Microbiol 54:459–465. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-014-0485-5
Wei G, Zhang A, Chen K, Ouyang P (2017) Enzymatic production of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine from crayfish shell wastes pretreated via high pressure homogenization. Carbohydr Polym 171:236–241
White SA, Farina PR, Fulton I (1979) Production and isolation of chitosan from Mucor rouxii. Appl Environ Microbiol 38:323–328
Wu T, Zivanovic S, Draughon FA, Conway WS, Sams CE (2005) Physicochemical properties and bioactivity of fungal chitin and chitosan. J Agric Food Chem 53:3888–3894
Zhang A, Gao C, Wang J, Chen K, Ouyang P (2016) An efficient enzymatic production of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine from crude chitin powders. Green Chem 18:2147–2154
Zhang J, Liu L, Li J, Du G, Chen J (2012) Enhanced glucosamine production by Aspergillus sp. BCRC 31742 based on the time-variant kinetics analysis of dissolved oxygen level. Bioresour Technol 111:507–511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.02.063
Zhu H, Hou Q (2010) Preparation of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine by enzymatic hydrolysis of amorphous chitin. Adv Mater Res 160-162:1362–1365. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.160-162.1362
Zhu W, Wang D, Liu T, Yang Q (2016) Production of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine from mycelial waste by a combination of bacterial chitinases and an insect N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase. J Agric Food Chem 64:6738–6744. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03713
Funding
This study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 21402109).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval
This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors.
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ma, Q., Gao, X. Categories and biomanufacturing methods of glucosamine. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 103, 7883–7889 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-019-10084-x
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-019-10084-x