Applications of cellulose and chitin/chitosan derivatives and composites as antibacterial materials: current state and perspectives

Khattak, Shahia; Wahid, Fazli; Liu, Ling-Pu; Jia, Shi-Ru; Chu, Li-Qiang; Xie, Yan-Yan; Li, Zi-Xuan; Zhong, Cheng

doi:10.1007/s00253-018-09602-0

Mini-Review
Published: 12 January 2019

Applications of cellulose and chitin/chitosan derivatives and composites as antibacterial materials: current state and perspectives

Shahia Khattak^1,2,
Fazli Wahid^1,2,
Ling-Pu Liu^1,2,
Shi-Ru Jia^1,2,
Li-Qiang Chu³,
Yan-Yan Xie^1,2,
Zi-Xuan Li⁴ &
Cheng Zhong^1,2

Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology volume 103, pages 1989–2006 (2019)Cite this article

3103 Accesses
46 Citations
Metrics details

Abstract

The bacterial infections have always a serious problem to public health. Scientists are developing new antibacterial materials to overcome this problem. Polysaccharides are promising biopolymers due to their diverse biological functions, low toxicity, and high biodegradability. Chitin and chitosan have antibacterial properties due to their cationic nature, while cellulose/bacterial cellulose does not possess any antibacterial activity. Moreover, the insolubility of chitin in common solvents, the poor solubility of chitosan in water, and the low mechanical properties of chitosan have restricted their biomedical applications. In order to solve these problems, chemical modifications such as quaternization, carboxymethylation, cationization, or surface modification of these polymers with different antimicrobial agents, including metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, are carried out to obtain new materials with improved physiochemical and biological properties. This mini review describes the recent progress in such derivatives and composites with potential antibacterial applications.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Access options

Buy single article

Instant access to the full article PDF.

43,34 €

Price includes VAT (Finland)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

References

Abdel-Mohsen AM, Abdel-Rahman RM, Hrdina R, Imramovský A, Burgert L, Aly AS (2012a) Antibacterial cotton fabrics treated with core-shell nanoparticles. Int J Biol Macromol 50(5):1245–1253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.03.018
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Abdel-Mohsen AM, Aly AS, Hrdina R, Montaser AS, Hebeish A (2012b) Biomedical textiles through multifunctioalization of cotton fabrics using innovative methoxypolyethylene glycol-N-chitosan graft copolymer. J Polym Environ 20(1):104–116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-011-0356-7
Article CAS Google Scholar
Adibzadeh S, Bazgir S, Katbab AA (2014) Fabrication and characterization of chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol) electrospun nanofibrous membranes containing silver nanoparticles for antibacterial water filtration. Iran Polym J 23(8):645–654. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13726-014-0258-3
Article CAS Google Scholar
Afzal MZ, Sun XF, Liu J, Song C, Wang SG, Javed A (2018) Enhancement of ciprofloxacin sorption on chitosan/biochar hydrogel beads. Sci Total Environ 639:560–569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.129
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Ahsan SM, Thomas M, Reddy KK, Sooraparaju SG, Asthana A, Bhatnagar I (2018) Chitosan as biomaterial in drug delivery and tissue engineering. Int J Biol Macromol 110:97–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.08.140
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Ak HPS, Saurabh CK, AS A, Nurul Fazita MR, Syakir MI, Davoudpour Y, Rafatullah M, Abdullah CK, Mk MH, Dungani R (2016) A review on chitosan-cellulose blends and nanocellulose reinforced chitosan biocomposites: properties and their applications. Carbohydr Polym 150:216–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.05.028
Article CAS Google Scholar
Akil HM, Omar MF, Mazuki AAM, Safiee S, Ishak ZAM, Bakar AA (2011) Kenaf fiber reinforced composites: a review. Mater Des 32(8):4107–4121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2011.04.008
Article CAS Google Scholar
Ali A, Ahmed S (2017) A review on chitosan and its nanocomposites in drug delivery. Int J Biol Macromol 109:273–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.12.078
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Ali SA, Singh RP (2010) Synthesis and characterization of a modified chitosan. Macromol Symp 277(1):1–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/masy.200950301
Article CAS Google Scholar
Al-Naamani L, Dobretsov S, Dutta J (2016) Chitosan-zinc oxide nanoparticle composite coating for active food packaging applications. Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol 38:231–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2016.10.010
Article CAS Google Scholar
Alvarenga ESD, Oliveira CPD, Bellato CR (2010) An approach to understanding the deacetylation degree of chitosan. Carbohydr Polym 80(4):1155–1160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.01.037
Article CAS Google Scholar
Andresen M, Stenstad P, Møretrø T, Langsrud S, Syverud K, Johansson LS, Stenius P (2007) Nonleaching antimicrobial films prepared from surface-modified microfibrillated cellulose. Biomacromolecules 8(7):2149–2155. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm070304e
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Anitha S, Brabu B, John TD, Gopalakrishnan C, Natarajan TS (2012) Optical, bactericidal and water repellent properties of electrospun nano-composite membranes of cellulose acetate and ZnO. Carbohydr Polym 87(2):1065–1072. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.05.003
Article CAS Google Scholar
Anitha A, Sowmya S, Kumar PTS, Deepthi S, Chennazhi KP, Ehrlich H, Tsurkan M, Jayakumar R (2014) Chitin and chitosan in selected biomedical applications. Prog Polym Sci 39(9):1644–1667. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2014.02.008
Article CAS Google Scholar
Arora D, Sharma N, Sharma V, Abrol V, Shankar R, Jaglan S (2016) An update on polysaccharide-based nanomaterials for antimicrobial applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 100(6):1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-016-7315-0
Article CAS Google Scholar
Azizi S, Ahmad MB, Hussein MZ, Ibrahim NA (2013) Synthesis, antibacterial and thermal studies of cellulose nanocrystal stabilized ZnO-Ag heterostructure nanoparticles. Molecules 18(6):6269–6280. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules18066269
PubMed PubMed Central Article CAS Google Scholar
Azizi S, Ahmad MB, Ibrahim NA, Hussein MZ, Namvar F (2014) Cellulose nanocrystals/ZnO as a bifunctional reinforcing nanocomposite for poly(vinyl alcohol)/chitosan blend films: fabrication, characterization and properties. Int J Mol Sci 15(6):11040. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms150611040
PubMed PubMed Central Article CAS Google Scholar
Bano I, Ghauri MA, Yasin T, Huang Q, Palaparthi ADS (2014) Characterization and potential applications of gamma irradiated chitosan and its blends with poly(vinyl alcohol). Int J Biol Macromol 65:81–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.01.015
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Bano I, Arshad M, Yasin T, Ghauri MA, Younus M (2017) Chitosan: a potential biopolymer for wound management. Int J Biol Macromol 102:380–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.04.047
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Behera SS, Das U, Kumar A, Bissoyi A, Singh AK (2017) Chitosan/TiO₂ composite membrane improves proliferation and survival of L929 fibroblast cells: application in wound dressing and skin regeneration. Int J Biol Macromol 98:329–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.02.017
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Benhabiles MS, Salah R, Lounici H, Drouiche N, Goosen MFA, Mameri N (2012) Antibacterial activity of chitin, chitosan and its oligomers prepared from shrimp shell waste. Food Hydrocoll 29(1):48–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2012.02.013
Article CAS Google Scholar
Bérdy J (2012) Thoughts and facts about antibiotics: where we are now and where we are heading. J Antibiot 65(8):385. https://doi.org/10.1038/ja.2012.27
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Brogden KA (2005) Antimicrobial peptides: pore formers or metabolic inhibitors in bacteria? Nat Rev Microbiol 3(3):238–250. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro1098
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Busilacchi A, Gigante A, Mattiolibelmonte M, Manzotti S, Muzzarelli RA (2013) Chitosan stabilizes platelet growth factors and modulates stem cell differentiation toward tissue regeneration. Carbohydr Polym 98(1):665–676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.06.044
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Cao X, Ding B, Yu J, Al-Deyab SS (2013) In situ growth of silver nanoparticles on TEMPO-oxidized jute fibers by microwave heating. Carbohydr Polym 92(1):571–576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.08.091
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Chakravarty J, Rabbi MF, Bach N, Chalivendra V, Yang CL, Brigham CJ (2018) Fabrication of porous chitin membrane using ionic liquid and subsequent characterization and modelling studies. Carbohydr Polym 198:443–451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.06.101
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Chang C, Zhang L (2011) Cellulose-based hydrogels: present status and application prospects. Carbohydr Polym 84(1):40–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.12.023
Article CAS Google Scholar
Chaoming S, Yeongtarng S, Yawokuo T (2009) Preparation and characterization of cellulose/chitosan blend films. Carbohydr Polym 78(1):169–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.04.031
Article CAS Google Scholar
Chen Q, Wu Y, Pu Y, Zheng Z, Shi C, Huang X (2010) Synthesis and characterization of quaternized beta-chitin. Carbohydr Res 345(11):1609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2010.05.014
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Dehnad D, Mirzaei H, Emamdjomeh Z, Jafari SM, Dadashi S (2014) Thermal and antimicrobial properties of chitosan-nanocellulose films for extending shelf life of ground meat. Carbohydr Polym 109(6):148–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.03.063
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Dev A, Mohan JC, Sreeja V, Tamura H, Patzke GR, Hussain F, Weyeneth S, Nair SV, Jayakumar R (2010) Novel carboxymethyl chitin nanoparticles for cancer drug delivery applications. Carbohydr Polym 79(4):1073–1079. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.10.038
Article CAS Google Scholar
Dhanavel S, Manivannan N, Mathivanan N, Gupta VK, Narayanan V, Stephen A (2018) Preparation and characterization of cross-linked chitosan/palladium nanocomposites for catalytic and antibacterial activity. J Mol Liq 257:32–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2018.02.076
Article CAS Google Scholar
Dick P, Jankowicz D (2016) Binding cellulose and chitosan via intermolecular inclusion interaction: synthesis and characterisation of gel. J Spectrosc 2015(22):1–6. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/179258
CAS Article Google Scholar
Díez-Pascual AM, Díez-Vicente AL (2015) Wound healing bionanocomposites based on castor oil polymeric films reinforced with chitosan-modified ZnO nanoparticles. Biomacromolecules 16(9):2631–2644. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.5b00447
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Ding F, Shi X, Li X, Cai J, Duan B, Du Y (2012) Homogeneous synthesis and characterization of quaternized chitin in NaOH/urea aqueous solution. Carbohydr Polym 87(1):422–426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.07.069
Article CAS Google Scholar
Dizaj SM, Lotfipour F, Barzegar-Jalali M, Zarrintan MH, Adibkia K (2014) Antimicrobial activity of the metals and metal oxide nanoparticles. Mat Sci Eng C-Mater 44(44):278–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2014.08.031
Article CAS Google Scholar
Dobre LM, Stroescu M, Jipa IM, Dobre T, Ferdeş M, Ciumpiliac Ş (2012) Modelling of sorbic acid diffusion through bacterial cellulose-based antimicrobial films. Chem Pap 66(2):144–151. https://doi.org/10.2478/s11696-011-0086-2
Article CAS Google Scholar
Dobrovolskaya IP, Yudin VE, Popryadukhin PV, Ivan’Kova EM, Shabunin AS, Kasatkin IA, Morgantie P (2018) Effect of chitin nanofibrils on electrospinning of chitosan-based composite nanofibers. Carbohydr Polym 194:260–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.03.074
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Duan B, Huang Y, Lu A, Zhang L (2018a) Recent advances in chitin based materials constructed via physical methods. Prog Polym Sci 82:1–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2018.04.001
Article CAS Google Scholar
Duan C, Meng J, Wang X, Meng X, Sun X, Xu Y, Zhao W, Ni Y (2018b) Synthesis of novel cellulose-based antibacterial composites of Ag nanoparticles@ metal-organic frameworks@ carboxymethylated fibers. Carbohydr Polym 193:82–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.03.089
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
El Knidri H, Belaabed R, Addaou A, Laajeb A, Lahsini A (2018) Extraction, chemical modification and characterization of chitin and chitosan. Int J Biol Macromol 120:1181–1189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.08.139
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Elayaraja S, Zagorsek K, Li F, Xiang J (2017) In situ synthesis of silver nanoparticles into TEMPO-mediated oxidized bacterial cellulose and their antivibriocidal activity against shrimp pathogens. Carbohydr Polym 166:329–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.02.093
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Errokh A, Ferraria AM, Conceição DS, Vieira Ferreira LF, Am BDR, Rei VM, Boufi S (2016) Controlled growth of Cu₂O nanoparticles bound to cotton fibres. Carbohydr Polym 141:229–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.01.019
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Fan LH, Cheng J, Qin SQ (2009) Carboxymethyl chitosan and its application. Environ Sci Technol 32(11):84–87
CAS Google Scholar
Farhoudian S, Yadollahi M, Namazi H (2016) Facile synthesis of antibacterial chitosan/CuO bio-nanocomposite hydrogel beads. Int J Biol Macromol 82:837–843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.10.018
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Feese E, Sadeghifar H, Gracz HS, Argyropoulos DS, Ghiladi RA (2011) Photobactericidal porphyrin-cellulose nanocrystals: synthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial properties. Biomacromolecules 12(10):3528–3539. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm200718s
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Fei P, Liao L, Meng J, Cheng B, Hu X, Song J (2018) Non-leaching antibacterial cellulose triacetate reverse osmosis membrane via covalent immobilization of quaternary ammonium cations. Carbohydr Polym 181:1102–1111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.11.036
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Fernandes SC, Sadocco P, Alonsovarona A, Palomares T, Eceiza A, Silvestre AJ, Mondragon I, Freire CS (2013) Bioinspired antimicrobial and biocompatible bacterial cellulose membranes obtained by surface functionalization with aminoalkyl groups. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 5(8):3290–3297. https://doi.org/10.1021/am400338n
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Follmann HD, Martins AF, Gerola AP, Burgo TA, Nakamura CV, Rubira AF, Muniz EC (2012) Antiadhesive and antibacterial multilayer films via layer-by-layer assembly of TMC/heparin complexes. Biomacromolecules 13(11):3711–3722. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm3011962
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Foresti ML, Vazquez A, Boury B (2016) Applications of bacterial cellulose as precursor of carbon and composites with metal oxide, metal sulfide and metal nanoparticles: a review of recent advances. Carbohydr Polym 157:447–467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.09.008
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Fu J, Ji J, Yuan W, Shen J (2005) Construction of anti-adhesive and antibacterial multilayer films via layer-by-layer assembly of heparin and chitosan. Biomaterials 26(33):6684–6692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.04.034
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Fu L, Zhang J, Yang G (2013) Present status and applications of bacterial cellulose-based materials for skin tissue repair. Carbohydr Polym 92(2):1432–1442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.10.071
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Fu F, Gu J, Xu X, Xiong Q, Zhang Y, Liu X, Zhou J (2016) Interfacial assembly of ZnO–cellulose nanocomposite films via a solution process: a one-step biomimetic approach and excellent photocatalytic properties. Cellulose: 1–16 doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-016-1087-7
Fu F, Gu J, Zhang R, Xu X, Yu X, Liu L, Liu X, Zhou J, Yao J (2018) Three-dimensional cellulose based silver-functionalized ZnO nanocomposite with controlled geometry: synthesis, characterization and properties. J Colloid Interface Sci 530:433–443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2018.07.009
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Gabriel JS, Vam G, Poli AL, Schmitt CC (2017) Photochemical synthesis of silver nanoparticles on chitosans/montmorillonite nanocomposite films and antibacterial activity. Carbohydr Polym 171:202–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.05.021
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
García A, Gandini A, Labidi J, Belgacem N, Bras J (2016) Industrial and crop wastes: a new source for nanocellulose biorefinery. Ind Crop Prod 93:26–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.06.004
Article CAS Google Scholar
Gayathri NK, Aparna V, Maya S, Biswas R, Jayakumar R, Mohan CG (2017) Preparation, characterization, drug release and computational modelling studies of antibiotics loaded amorphous chitin nanoparticles. Carbohydr Polym 177:67–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.08.112
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Gonçalves G, Marques PAAP, Neto CP, Trindade T, Peres M, Monteiro T (2009) Growth, structural, and optical characterization of ZnO-coatedcellulosic fibers. Cryst Growth Des 9(9):386–390. https://doi.org/10.1021/cg800596z
Article CAS Google Scholar
Hassan EA, Hassan ML (2016) Rice straw nanofibrillated cellulose films with antimicrobial properties via supramolecular route. Ind Crop Prod 93:142–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.02.025
Article CAS Google Scholar
Hassanpour A, Asghari S, Lakouraj MM (2017) Synthesis, characterization and antibacterial evaluation of nanofibrillated cellulose grafted by a novel quinolinium silane salt. RSC Adv 7(39):23907–23916. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7RA02765F
Article Google Scholar
Hassanpour A, Asghari S, Mansour LM, Mohseni M (2018) Preparation and characterization of contact active antibacterial surface based on chemically modified nanofibrillated cellulose by phenanthridinium silane salt. Int J Biol Macromol 115:528–539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.03.141
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
He G, Wang Z, Zheng H, Yin Y, Xiong X, Lin R (2012) Preparation, characterization and properties of aminoethyl chitin hydrogels. Carbohydr Polym 90(4):1614–1619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.07.040
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Hg DOB, Da SR, Da SBH, Tercjak A, Gutierrez J, Lustri WR, Junior DOO, Ribeiro SJ (2016) A multipurpose natural and renewable polymer in medical applications: bacterial cellulose. Carbohydr Polym 153:406–420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.07.059
Article CAS Google Scholar
Hoeng F, Denneulin A, Neuman C, Bras J (2015) Charge density modification of carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals for stable silver nanoparticles suspension preparation. J Nanopart Res 17(6):1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-015-3044-z
Article CAS Google Scholar
Hu W, Chen S, Zhou B, Wang H (2010) Facile synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles based on bacterial cellulose. Mater Sci Eng B 170(1):88–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2010.02.034
Article CAS Google Scholar
Hu D, Wang H, Wang L (2016) Physical properties and antibacterial activity of quaternized chitosan/carboxymethyl cellulose blend films. LWT - Food Sci and Technol 65:398–405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2015.08.033
Article CAS Google Scholar
Huang HF, Peng CF (2015) Antibacterial and antifungal activity of alkylsulfonated chitosan. Biomark Genom Med 7(2):83–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bgm.2014.09.001
Article CAS Google Scholar
Huh AJ, Kwon YJ (2011) “Nanoantibiotics”: a new paradigm for treating infectious diseases using nanomaterials in the antibiotics resistant era. J Control Release 156(2):128–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.07.002
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Ifuku S, Tsukiyama Y, Yukawa T, Egusa M, Kaminaka H, Izawa H, Morimoto M, Saimoto H (2015) Facile preparation of silver nanoparticles immobilized on chitin nanofiber surfaces to endow antifungal activities. Carbohydr Polym 117:813–817. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.10.042
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Ingle AP, Duran N, Rai M (2014) Bioactivity, mechanism of action, and cytotoxicity of copper-based nanoparticles: a review. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 98(3):1001–1009. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-013-5422-8
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Jahed E, Khaledabad MA, Almasi H, Hasanzadeh R (2017) Physicochemical properties of Carum copticum essential oil loaded chitosan films containing organic nanoreinforcements. Carbohydr Polym 164:325–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.02.022
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Janpetch N, Saito N, Rujiravanit R (2016) Fabrication of bacterial cellulose-ZnO composite via solution plasma process for antibacterial applications. Carbohydr Polym 148:335–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.04.066
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Jatoi AW, Kim IS, Ni Q-Q (2019) Cellulose acetate nanofibers embedded with AgNPs anchored TiO₂ nanoparticles for long term excellent antibacterial applications. Carbohydr Polym 207:640–649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.12.029
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Jayakumar R, Menon D, Manzoor K, Nair SV, Tamura H (2010a) Biomedical applications of chitin and chitosan based nanomaterials—a short review. Carbohydr Polym 82(2):227–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.04.074
Article CAS Google Scholar
Jayakumar R, Prabaharan M, Nair SV, Tokura S, Tamura H, Selvamurugan N (2010b) Novel carboxymethyl derivatives of chitin and chitosan materials and their biomedical applications. Prog Mater Sci 55(7):675–709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2010.03.001
Article CAS Google Scholar
Jayakumar R, Prabaharan M, Sudheesh Kumar PT, Nair SV, Tamura H (2011) Biomaterials based on chitin and chitosan in wound dressing applications. Biotechnol Adv 29(3):322–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.01.005
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Jia B, Mei Y, Cheng L, Zhou J, Zhang L (2012) Preparation of copper nanoparticles coated cellulose films with antibacterial properties through one-step reduction. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 4(6):2897–2902. https://doi.org/10.1021/am3007609
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Jipa IM, Stoicaguzun A, Stroescu M (2012) Controlled release of sorbic acid from bacterial cellulose based mono and multilayer antimicrobial films. LWT-Food Sci Technol 47(2):400–406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2012.01.039
Article CAS Google Scholar
Jonoobi M, Oladi R, Davoudpour Y, Oksman K, Dufresne A, Hamzeh Y, Davoodi R (2015) Different preparation methods and properties of nanostructured cellulose from various natural resources and residues: a review. Cellulose 22(2):935–969. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-015-0551-0
Article CAS Google Scholar
Kasaai MR (2008) A review of several reported procedures to determine the degree of N-acetylation for chitin and chitosan using infrared spectroscopy. Carbohydr Polym 71(4):497–508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2007.07.009
Article CAS Google Scholar
Katepetch C, Rujiravanit R (2013) Formation of nanocrystalline ZnO particles into bacterial cellulose pellicle by ultrasonic-assisted in situ synthesis. Cellulose 20(3):1275–1292. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-013-9892-8
Article CAS Google Scholar
Kaushik M, Moores A (2016) Review: nanocelluloses as versatile supports for metal nanoparticles and their applications in catalysis. Green Chem 18(3):622–637. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5GC02500A
Article CAS Google Scholar
Kaya M, Baran T (2015) Description of a new surface morphology for chitin extracted from wings of cockroach (Periplaneta americana). Int J Biol Macromol 75:7–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.01.015
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Kaya M, Baran T, Mentes A, Asaroglu M, Sezen G, Tozak KO (2014a) Extraction and characterization of α-chitin and chitosan from six different aquatic invertebrates. Food Biophys 9(2):145–157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11483-013-9327-y
Article Google Scholar
Kaya M, Baublys V, Can E, Šatkauskienė I, Bitim B, Tubelytė V, Baran T (2014b) Comparison of physicochemical properties of chitins isolated from an insect (Melolontha melolontha) and a crustacean species (Oniscus asellus). Zoomorphology 133(3):285–293. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00435-014-0227-6
Article Google Scholar
Kaya M, Lelešius E, Nagrockaitė R, Sargin I, Arslan G, Mol A, Baran T, Can E, Bitim B (2015) Differentiations of chitin content and surface morphologies of chitins extracted from male and female grasshopper species. PLoS One 10(1):e0115531. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0115531
PubMed PubMed Central Article CAS Google Scholar
Kean T, Thanou M (2010) Biodegradation, biodistribution and toxicity of chitosan. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 62(1):3–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2009.09.004
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Keun PB, Moon-Moo K (2010) Applications of chitin and its derivatives in biological medicine. Int J Mol Sci 11(12):5152–5164. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms11125152
Article CAS Google Scholar
Khalid A, Khan R, Ul-Islam M, Khan T, Wahid F (2017) Bacterial cellulose-zinc oxide nanocomposites as a novel dressing system for burn wounds. Carbohydr Polym 164:214–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.01.061
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Khan FI, Rahman S, Queen A, Ahamad S, Ali S, Kim J, Hassan MI (2017) Implications of molecular diversity of chitin and its derivatives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 101(9):3513–3536. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-017-8229-1
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Khatri V, Halász K, Trandafilović LV, Dimitrijević-Branković S, Mohanty P, Djoković V, Csóka L (2014) ZnO-modified cellulose fiber sheets for antibody immobilization. Carbohydr Polym 109(6):139–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.03.061
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Klaykruayat B, Siralertmukul K, Srikulkit K (2010) Chemical modification of chitosan with cationic hyperbranched dendritic polyamidoamine and its antimicrobial activity on cotton fabric. Carbohydr Polym 80(1):197–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.11.013
Article CAS Google Scholar
Kokkarachedu V, Gownolla Malegowd R, Tippabattini J, Jongchul S (2016) Nano zinc oxide-sodium alginate antibacterial cellulose fibres. Carbohydr Polym 135:349–355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.08.078
Article CAS Google Scholar
Kong M, Chen XG, Xing K, Park HJ (2010) Antimicrobial properties of chitosan and mode of action: a state of the art review. Int J Food Microbiol 144(1):51–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.09.012
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Kong CS, Kim JA, Bak SS, Byun HG, Kim SK (2011) Anti-obesity effect of carboxymethyl chitin by AMPK and aquaporin-7 pathways in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J Nutr Biochem 22(3):276–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2010.02.005
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Krumm C, Pfaendtner J, Dauenhauer PJ (2016) Millisecond pulsed films unify the mechanisms of cellulose fragmentation. Chem Mater 28(9):3108–3114. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b00580
Article CAS Google Scholar
Kumar NA, Rejinold NS, Anjali P, Balakrishnan A, Biswas R, Jayakumar R (2013) Preparation of chitin nanogels containing nickel nanoparticles. Carbohydr Polym 97(2):469–474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.05.009
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Lefatshe K, Muiva CM, Kebaabetswe LP (2017) Extraction of nanocellulose and in-situ casting of ZnO/cellulose nanocomposite with enhanced photocatalytic and antibacterial activity. Carbohydr Polym 164:301–308
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Li F, Biagioni P, Finazzi M, Tavazzi S, Piergiovanni L (2013) Tunable green oxygen barrier through layer-by-layer self-assembly of chitosan and cellulose nanocrystals. Carbohydr Polym 92(2):2128–2134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.11.091
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Li YY, Zhu HL, Xu M, Zhuang ZL, Xu MD, Dai HQ (2014) High yield preparation method of thermally stable cellulose nanofibers. BioRes 9(2):1986–1997. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.9.2.1986-1997
Article Google Scholar
Li R, He M, Li T, Zhang L (2015) Preparation and properties of cellulose/silver nanocomposite fibers. Carbohydr Polym 115(115):269–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.08.046
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Li B, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Qiu W, Wang X, Liu B, Wang Y, Sun G (2016) Synthesis, characterization, and antibacterial activity of chitosan/TiO₂ nanocomposite against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Carbohydr Polym 152:825–831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.07.070
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Liang S, Dang Q, Liu C, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Zhu W, Chang G, Sun H, Cha D, Fan B (2018) Characterization and antibacterial mechanism of poly(aminoethyl) modified chitin synthesized via a facile one-step pathway. Carbohydr Polym 195:275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.04.109
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Lim SH, Hudson SM (2004) Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of a water-soluble chitosan derivative with a fiber-reactive group. Carbohydr Res 339(2):313–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2003.10.024
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Lima PH, Pereira SV, Rabello RB, Rodriguezcastellón E, Beppu MM, Chevallier P, Mantovani D, Vieira RS (2013) Blood protein adsorption on sulfonated chitosan and κ-carrageenan films. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 111(2):719–725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.06.002
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Lin W-C, Lien C-C, Yeh H-J, Yu C-M, Hsu S-h (2013) Bacterial cellulose and bacterial cellulose–chitosan membranes for wound dressing applications. Carbohydr Polym 94(1):603–611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.01.076
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Littunen K, Castro JSD, Samoylenko A, Xu Q, Quaggin S, Vainio S, Seppälä J (2016) Synthesis of cationized nanofibrillated cellulose and its antimicrobial properties. Eur Polym J 75:116–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.12.008
Article CAS Google Scholar
Liu M, Zheng H, Chen J, Li S, Huang J, Zhou C (2016a) Chitosan-chitin nanocrystal composite scaffolds for tissue engineering. Carbohydr Polym 152:832–840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.07.042
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Liu Z, Lv M, Li F, Zeng M (2016b) Development, characterization, and antimicrobial activity of gelatin/chitosan/ZnO nanoparticle composite films. J Aquat Food Prod T 25(7):1056–1063. https://doi.org/10.1080/10498850.2014.923081
Article CAS Google Scholar
Liu LP, Yang XN, Ye L, Xue DD, Liu M, Jia SR, Hou Y, Chu LQ, Zhong C (2017) Preparation and characterization of a photocatalytic antibacterial material: graphene oxide/TiO₂/bacterial cellulose nanocomposite. Carbohydr Polym 174:1078–1086. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.07.042
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Lizundia E, Urruchi A, Vilas JL, León LM (2016) Increased functional properties and thermal stability of flexible cellulose nanocrystal/ZnO films. Carbohydr Polym 136:250–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.09.041
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Lokanathan AR, Uddin KMA, Rojas OJ, Laine J (2014) Cellulose nanocrystal-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles: role of sulfate groups in nucleation phenomena. Biomacromolecules 15(1):373. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm401613h
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Lu Z, Gao J, He Q, Wu J, Liang D, Yang H, Chen R (2017) Enhanced antibacterial and wound healing activities of microporous chitosan-Ag/ZnO composite dressing. Carbohydr Polym 156:460–469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.09.051
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Ma B, Zhang M, He C, Sun J (2012) New binary ionic liquid system for the preparation of chitosan/cellulose composite fibers. Carbohydr Polym 88(1):347–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.12.020
Article CAS Google Scholar
Ma B, Huang Y, Zhu C, Chen C, Chen X, Fan M, Sun D (2016) Novel Cu@SiO2/bacterial cellulose nanofibers: preparation and excellent performance in antibacterial activity. Mat Sci Eng C Mater 62:656–661. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2016.02.011
Article CAS Google Scholar
Malinak D, Dolezal R, Marek J, Salajkova S, Soukup O, Vejsova M, Korabecny J, Honegr J, Penhaker M, Musilek K (2014) 6-Hydroxyquinolinium salts differing in the length of alkyl side-chain: synthesis and antimicrobial activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 24(22):5238–5241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.09.060
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Martins AF, Facchi SP, Follmann HDM, Pereira AGB, Rubira AF, Muniz EC (2014) Antimicrobial activity of chitosan derivatives containing N-quaternized moieties in its backbone: a review. Int J Mol Sci 15(11):20800–20832. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms151120800
PubMed PubMed Central Article CAS Google Scholar
Mary G, Bajpai SK, Chand N (2010) Copper (II) ions and copper nanoparticles-loaded chemically modified cotton cellulose fibers with fair antibacterial properties. J Appl Polym Sci 113(2):757–766. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.29890
Article CAS Google Scholar
Matsuyama K, Morotomi K, Inoue S, Nakashima M, Nakashima H, Okuyama T, Kato T, Muto H, Sugiyama H (2019) Antibacterial and antifungal properties of Ag nanoparticle-loaded cellulose nanofiber aerogels prepared by supercritical CO₂ drying. J Supercrit. Fluids 143:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2018.08.008
Article CAS Google Scholar
Mehrabani MG, Karimian R, Rakhshaei R, Pakdel F, Eslami H, Fakhrzadeh V, Rahimi M, Salehi R, Kafil HS (2018) Chitin/silk fibroin/TiO₂ bio-nanocomposite as a biocompatible wound dressing bandage with strong antimicrobial activity. Int J Biol Macromol 116:966–976. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.05.102
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Moniri MB, Moghaddam A, Azizi S, Abdul RR, Bin AA, Zuhainis SW, Navaderi M, Mohamad R (2017) Production and status of bacterial cellulose in biomedical engineering. Nanomaterials 7:257. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7090257
PubMed Central Article CAS Google Scholar
Moriana R, Vilaplana F, Ek M (2016) Cellulose nanocrystals from forest residues as reinforcing agents for composites: a study from macro- to nano-dimensions. Carbohydr Polym 139:139–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.12.020
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Morkaew T, Pinyakong O, Tachaboonyakiat W (2017) Structural effect of quaternary ammonium chitin derivatives on their bactericidal activity and specificity. Int J Biol Macromol 101:719–728. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.03.159
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Mujeeb RP, Muraleedaran K, Mujeeb VMA (2015) Applications of chitosan powder with in situ synthesized nano ZnO particles as an antimicrobial agent. Int J Biol Macromol 77:266–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.03.058
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Muzzarelli RAA, Tanfani F (1985) The N -permethylation of chitosan and the preparation of N-trimethyl chitosan iodide. Carbohydr Polym 5(4):297–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/0144-8617(85)90037-2
Article CAS Google Scholar
Ng VW, Chan JM, Sardon H, Ono RJ, García JM, Yang YY, Hedrick JL (2014) Antimicrobial hydrogels: a new weapon in the arsenal against multidrug-resistant infections. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 78:46–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2014.10.028
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Nishimura S, Shinada KYT, Tokura S, Kurita KNH, Yamamoto N, Uryu T, Kai H (1998) Regioselective syntheses of sulfated polysaccharides: specific anti-HIV-1 activity of novel chitin sulfates. Carbohydr Res 306(3):427–433. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6215(97)10081-7
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Nishiyama Y, Sugiyama J, Chanzy H, Langan P (2002) Crystal structure and hydrogen bonding system in cellulose Iα from synchrotron X-ray and neutron fiber diffraction. J Am Chem Soc 124(47):9074–9082. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja0257319
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Nithya A, Jothivenkatachalam K (2015) Chitosan assisted synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles: an efficient solar light driven photocatalyst and evaluation of antibacterial activity. J Mater Sci Mater Electron 26(12):10207–10216. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-015-3710-z
Article CAS Google Scholar
Nouri A, Yaraki MT, Ghorbanpour M, Agarwal S, Gupta VK (2017) Enhanced antibacterial effect of chitosan film using montmorillonite/CuO nanocomposite. Int J Biol Macromol 109:1219–1231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.11.119
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Olaru N, Calin G, Olaru L (2014) Zinc oxide nanocrystals grown on cellulose acetate butyrate nanofiber mats and their potential photocatalytic activity for dye degradation. Ind Eng Chem Res 53(46):17968–17975. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie503139a
Article CAS Google Scholar
Ouerghemmi S, Dimassi S, Tabary N, Leclercq L, Degoutin S, Chai F, Pierlot C, Cazaux F, Ung A, Staelens JN (2018) Synthesis and characterization of polyampholytic aryl-sulfonated chitosans and their in vitro anticoagulant activity. Carbohydr Polym 196:8–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.05.025
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Oun AA, Rhim J-W (2017) Preparation of multifunctional chitin nanowhiskers/ZnO-Ag NPs and their effect on the properties of carboxymethyl cellulose-based nanocomposite film. Carbohydr Polym 169:467–479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.04.042
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Oun AA, Rhim J-W (2018) Effect of isolation methods of chitin nanocrystals on the properties of chitin-silver hybrid nanoparticles. Carbohydr Polym 197:349–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.06.033
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Oyervides-Muñoz E, Pollet E, Ulrich G, De JS-SG, Avérous L (2017) Original method for synthesis of chitosan-based antimicrobial agent by quaternary ammonium grafting. Carbohydr Polym 157:1922. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.11.081
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Pal S, Nisi R, Stoppa M, Licciulli A (2017) Silver-functionalized bacterial cellulose as antibacterial membrane for wound-healing applications. ACS Omega 2:3632–3639. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.7b00442
PubMed PubMed Central Article CAS Google Scholar
Picheth GF, Pirich CL, Sierakowski MR, Woehl MA, Sakakibara CN, de Souza CF, Martin AA, Da SR, de Freitas RA (2017) Bacterial cellulose in biomedical applications: a review. Int J Biol Macromol 104(Pt A):97–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.05.171
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Pillai CKS, Paul W, Sharma CP (2009) Chitin and chitosan polymers: chemistry, solubility and fiber formation. Prog Polym Sci 34(7):641–678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2009.04.001
Article CAS Google Scholar
Pinkert A, Marsh KN, Pang S, Staiger MP (2009) Ionic liquids and their interaction with cellulose. Chem Rev 109(12):6712–6728. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr9001947
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Prabhu S (2012) Silver nanoparticles: mechanism of antimicrobial action, synthesis, medical applications, and toxicity effects. Int Nano Lett 2(1):32. https://doi.org/10.1186/2228-5326-2-32
Article Google Scholar
Qi H, Liu J, Gao S, Mäder E (2013) Multifunctional films composed of carbon nanotubes and cellulose regenerated from alkaline–urea solution. J Mater Chem A 1(6):2161–2168. https://doi.org/10.1039/C2TA00882C
Article CAS Google Scholar
Qu G, Wu X, Yin L, Zhang C (2012) N-octyl-O-sulfate chitosan-modified liposomes for delivery of docetaxel: preparation, characterization, and pharmacokinetics. Biomed Pharmacother 66(1):46–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2011.09.010
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Rahman PM, Mujeeb VMA, Muraleedharan K (2017) Flexible chitosan-nano ZnO antimicrobial pouches as a new material for extending the shelf life of raw meat. Int J Biol Macromol 97:382–391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.01.052
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Rahman I, Attan N, Mahat NA, Jamalis J, Abdul AK, Kurniawan C, Wahab RA (2018) Statistical optimization and operational stability of Rhizomucor miehei lipase supported on magnetic chitosan/chitin nanoparticles for synthesis of pentyl valerate. Int J Biol Macromol 115:680–695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.04.111
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Rajwade JM, Paknikar KM, Kumbhar JV (2015) Applications of bacterial cellulose and its composites in biomedicine. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 99(6):2491–2511. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-015-6426-3
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Rakhshaei R, Namazi H (2017) A potential bioactive wound dressing based on carboxymethyl cellulose/ZnO impregnated MCM-41 nanocomposite hydrogel. Mat Sci Eng C Mater 73:456–464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2016.12.097
Article CAS Google Scholar
Revathi T, Thambidurai S (2018) Immobilization of ZnO on Chitosan-Neem seed composite for enhanced thermal and antibacterial activity. Adv Powder Technol 29(6):1445–1454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2018.03.007
Article CAS Google Scholar
Roy D, Knapp JS, Guthrie JT, Perrier S (2008) Antibacterial cellulose fiber via RAFT surface graft polymerization. Biomacromolecules 9(1):91–99. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm700849j
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Rúnarsson ÖV, Holappa J, Malainer C, Steinsson H, Hjálmarsdóttir M, Nevalainen T, Másson M (2010) Antibacterial activity of N-quaternary chitosan derivatives: synthesis, characterization and structure activity relationship (SAR) investigations. Eur Polym J 46(6):1251–1267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2010.03.001
Article CAS Google Scholar
Saini S, Belgacem MN, Salon MCB, Bras J (2016) Non leaching biomimetic antimicrobial surfaces via surface functionalisation of cellulose nanofibers with aminosilane. Cellulose 23(1):795–810. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-015-0854-1
Article CAS Google Scholar
Sajomsang W, Ruktanonchai UR, Gonil P, Warin C (2010) Quaternization of N-(3-pyridylmethyl) chitosan derivatives: effects of the degree of quaternization, molecular weight and ratio of N-methylpyridinium and N, N, N-trimethyl ammonium moieties on bactericidal activity. Carbohydr Polym 82(4):1143–1152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.06.047
Article CAS Google Scholar
Samir MASA, Alloin F, Dufresne A (2005) Review of recent research into cellulosic whiskers, their properties and their application in nanocomposite field. Biomacromolecules 6(2):612–626. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm0493685
Article CAS Google Scholar
Sanmugam A, Vikraman D, Park HJ, Kim HS (2017) One-pot facile methodology to synthesize chitosan-ZnO-graphene oxide hybrid composites for better dye adsorption and antibacterial activity. Nanomaterials 7(11):363. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7110363
PubMed Central Article CAS Google Scholar
Seedevi P, Moovendhan M, Vairamani S, Shanmugam A (2017) Evaluation of antioxidant activities and chemical analysis of sulfated chitosan from Sepia prashadi. Int J Biol Macromol 99:519–529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.03.012
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Shahmohammadi JF, Almasi H (2016) Morphological, physical, antimicrobial and release properties of ZnO nanoparticles-loaded bacterial cellulose films. Carbohydr Polym 149:8–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.04.089
Article CAS Google Scholar
Shankar S, Rhim JW (2017) Facile approach for large-scale production of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles and preparation of antibacterial cotton pads. Carbohydr Polym 163:137–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.01.059
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Shankar S, Rhim J-W (2018) Preparation of sulfur nanoparticle-incorporated antimicrobial chitosan films. Food Hydrocoll 82:116–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.03.054
Article CAS Google Scholar
Shankar S, Oun AA, Rhim J-W (2018) Preparation of antimicrobial hybrid nano-materials using regenerated cellulose and metallic nanoparticles. Int J Biol Macromol 107:17–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.08.129
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Shanmugam A, Kathiresan K, Nayak L (2016) Preparation, characterization and antibacterial activity of chitosan and phosphorylated chitosan from cuttlebone of Sepia kobiensis (Hoyle, 1885). Biotechnol Rep 9:25–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.btre.2015.10.007
Article Google Scholar
Shao W, Wang S, Wu J, Huang M, Liu H, Min H (2016) Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of copper nanoparticle loaded regenerated bacterial cellulose membranes. RSC Adv 6(70):65879–65884. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ra07984a
Article CAS Google Scholar
Solairaj D, Rameshthangam P, Muthukumaran P, Wilson J (2017) Studies on electrochemical glucose sensing, antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity of fabricated copper nanoparticle immobilized chitin nanostructure. Int J Biol Macromol 101:668–679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.03.147
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Stefanescu C, Daly WH, Negulescu II (2012) Biocomposite films prepared from ionic liquid solutions of chitosan and cellulose. Carbohydr Polym 87(1):435–443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.08.003
Article CAS Google Scholar
Subhapradha N, Ramasamy P, Sudharsan S, Seedevi P, Moovendhan M, Srinivasan A, Shanmugam V, Shanmugam A (2013) Preparation of phosphorylated chitosan from gladius of the squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana (Lesson, 1830) and its in vitro antioxidant activity. Bioact Carbohydr Dietary Fibre 1(2):148–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcdf.2013.03.001
Article CAS Google Scholar
Sun Z, Shi C, Wang X, Fang Q, Huang J (2017) Synthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial activities of sulfonated chitosan. Carbohydr Polym 155:321–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.08.069
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Sun G, Zhang X, Bao Z, Lang X, Zhou Z, Li Y, Feng C, Chen X (2018) Reinforcement of thermoplastic chitosan hydrogel using chitin whiskers optimized with response surface methodology. Carbohydr Polym 189:280–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.01.083
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Tang T, Zhang G, Lau CP, Zheng LZ, Xie XH, Wang XL, Wang XH, He K, Patrick Y, Qin L (2011) Effect of water-soluble P-chitosan and S-chitosan on human primary osteoblasts and giant cell tumor of bone stromal cells. Biomed Mater 6(1):015004. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-6041/6/1/015004
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Tang H, Lu A, Li L, Zhou W, Xie Z, Zhang L (2013) Highly antibacterial materials constructed from silver molybdate nanoparticles immobilized in chitin matrix. Chem Eng J 234:124–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2013.08.096
Article CAS Google Scholar
Thaya R, Malaikozhundan B, Vijayakumar S, Sivakamavalli J, Jeyasekar R, Shanthi S, Vaseeharan B, Ramasamy P, Sonawane A (2016) Chitosan coated Ag/ZnO nanocomposite and their antibiofilm, antifungal and cytotoxic effects on murine macrophages. Microb Pathog 100:124–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2016.09.010
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Tran CD, Duri S, Delneri A, Franko M (2013) Chitosan-cellulose composite materials: preparation, characterization and application for removal of microcystin. J Hazard Mater 252-253(5):355–366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.02.046
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Uddin KMA, Lokanathan AR, Liljestrom A, Chen X, Rojas OJ, Laine J (2014) Silver nanoparticle synthesis mediated by carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals. Green Mater 2(4):183–192. https://doi.org/10.1680/gmat.14.00010
Article Google Scholar
Ul-Islam M, Khattak WA, Ullah MW, Khan S, Park JK (2014) Synthesis of regenerated bacterial cellulose-zinc oxide nanocomposite films for biomedical applications. Cellulose 21(1):433–447. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-013-0109-y
Article CAS Google Scholar
Ullah H, Wahid F, Santos HA, Khan T (2016) Advances in biomedical and pharmaceutical applications of functional bacterial cellulose-based nanocomposites. Carbohydr Polym 150:330–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.05.029
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Upadhyaya L, Singh J, Agarwal V, Tewari RP (2013) Biomedical applications of carboxymethyl chitosans. Carbohydr Polym 91(1):452–466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.07.076
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Upadhyaya L, Singh J, Agarwal V, Tewari RP (2014) The implications of recent advances in carboxymethyl chitosan based targeted drug delivery and tissue engineering applications. J Control Release 186(186):54–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.04.043
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Usman A, Zia KM, Zuber M, Tabasum S, Rehman S, Zia F (2016) Chitin and chitosan based polyurethanes: a review of recent advances and prospective biomedical applications. Int J Biol Macromol 86:630–645. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.02.004
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Verlee A, Mincke S, Stevens CV (2017) Recent developments in antibacterial and antifungal chitosan and its derivatives. Carbohydr Polym 164:268–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.02.001
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Volova TG, Shumilova AA, Shidlovskiy IP, Nikolaeva ED, Sukovatiy AG, Vasiliev AD, Shishatskaya EI (2018) Antibacterial properties of films of cellulose composites with silver nanoparticles and antibiotics. Polym Test 65:54–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2017.10.023
Article CAS Google Scholar
Vongchan P, Sajomsang W, Subyen D, Kongtawelert P (2002) Anticoagulant activity of a sulfated chitosan. Carbohydr Res 337(13):1239–1242. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6215(02)00098-8
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Wahid F, Yin JJ, Xue DD, Xue H, Lu YS, Zhong C, Chu LQ (2016) Synthesis and characterization of antibacterial carboxymethyl chitosan/ZnO nanocomposite hydrogels. Int J Biol Macromol 88:273–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.03.044
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Wahid F, Wang HS, Lu YS, Zhong C, Chu LQ (2017a) Preparation, characterization and antibacterial applications of carboxymethyl chitosan/CuO nanocomposite hydrogels. Int J Biol Macromol 101:690–695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.03.132
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Wahid F, Wang HS, Zhong C, Chu LQ (2017b) Facile fabrication of moldable antibacterial carboxymethyl chitosan supramolecular hydrogels cross-linked by metal ions complexation. Carbohydr Polym 165:455–461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.02.085
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Wahid F, Zhong C, Wang HS, Hu XH, Chu LQ (2017c) Recent advances in antimicrobial hydrogels containing metal ions and metals/metal oxide nanoparticles. Polymers 9(12):636. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9120636
Article CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
Wahid F, Zhou Y-N, Wang H-S, Wan T, Zhong C, Chu L-Q (2018) Injectable self-healing carboxymethyl chitosan-zinc supramolecular hydrogels and their antibacterial activity. Int J Biol Macromol 114:1233–1239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.04.025
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Wahid F, Hu X-H, Chu L-Q, Jia S-R, Xie Y-Y, Zhong C (2019) Development of bacterial cellulose/chitosan based semi-interpenetrating hydrogels with improved mechanical and antibacterial properties. Int J Biol Macromol 122:380–387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.10.105
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Wan A, Xu Q, Sun Y, Li H (2013) Antioxidant activity of high molecular weight chitosan and N,O-quaternized chitosans. J Agric Food Chem 61(28):6921–6928. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf402242e
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Wang MS, Jiang F, Hsieh Y-L, Nitin N (2014a) Cellulose nanofibrils improve dispersibility and stability of silver nanoparticles and induce production of bacterial extracellular polysaccharides. J Mater Chem B 2(37):6226–6235. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4tb00630e
Article CAS Google Scholar
Wang Y, Wang E, Wu Z, Li H, Zhu Z, Zhu X, Dong Y (2014b) Synthesis of chitosan molecularly imprinted polymers for solid-phase extraction of methandrostenolone. Carbohydr Polym 101(1):517–523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.09.078
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Wang C-H, Liu W-S, Sun J-F, Hou G-G, Chen Q, Cong W, Zhao F (2016a) Non-toxic O-quaternized chitosan materials with better water solubility and antimicrobial function. Int J Biol Macromol 84:418–427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.12.047
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Wang J, Wang L, Yu H, Zain-Ul-Abdin CY, Chen Q, Zhou W, Zhang H, Chen X (2016b) Recent progress on synthesis, property and application of modified chitosan: an overview. Int J Biol Macromol 88:333–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.04.002
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Wang S, Lu A, Zhang L (2016c) Recent advances in regenerated cellulose materials. Prog Polym Sci 53:169–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2015.07.003
Article CAS Google Scholar
Wei B, Yang G, Hong F (2011) Preparation and evaluation of a kind of bacterial cellulose dry films with antibacterial properties. Carbohydr Polym 84(1):533–538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.12.017
Article CAS Google Scholar
Wu M, Long Z, Xiao H, Dong C (2016) Recent research progress on preparation and application of N, N, N-trimethyl chitosan. Carbohydr Res 434:27–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2016.08.002
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Wu Z, Deng W, Luo J, Deng D (2019) Multifunctional nano-cellulose composite films with grape seed extracts and immobilized silver nanoparticles. Carbohydr Polym 205:447–455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.10.060
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Xiao W, Wu T, Peng J, Bai Y, Li J, Lai G, Wu Y, Dai L (2013) Preparation, structure, and properties of chitosan/cellulose/multiwalled carbon nanotube composite membranes and fibers. J Appl Polym Sci 128(2):1193–1199. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.38329
Article CAS Google Scholar
Xing J, Wang X, Xun J, Peng J, Xu Q, Zhang W, Lou T (2018) Preparation of micro-nanofibrous chitosan sponges with ternary solvents for dye adsorption. Carbohydr Polym 198:69–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.06.064
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Xiong R, Lu C, Zhang W, Zhou Z, Zhang X (2013) Facile synthesis of tunable silver nanostructures for antibacterial application using cellulose nanocrystals. Carbohydr Polym 95(1):214–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.02.077
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Xu T, Xin M, Li M, Huang H, Zhou S (2010) Synthesis, characteristic and antibacterial activity of N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan and its carboxymethyl derivatives. Carbohydr Polym 81(4):931–936. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.04.008
Article CAS Google Scholar
Xu T, Xin M, Li M, Huang H, Zhou S, Liu J (2011) Synthesis, characterization, and antibacterial activity of N,O-quaternary ammonium chitosan. Carbohydr Res 346(15):2445–2450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2011.08.002
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Xu H, Fang Z, Tian W, Wang Y, Ye Q, Zhang L, Cai J (2018) Green fabrication of amphiphilic auaternized β-chitin derivatives with excellent biocompatibility and antibacterial activities for wound healing. Adv Mater:e1801100 doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201801100
Yan J, Abdelgawad AM, El-Naggar ME, Rojas OJ (2016) Antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized in-situ by solution spraying onto cellulose. Carbohydr Polym 147:500–508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.03.029
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Yang J, Xie Q, Zhu J, Zou C, Chen L, Du Y, Li D (2015) Preparation and in vitro antioxidant activities of 6-amino-6-deoxychitosan and its sulfonated derivatives. Biopolymers 103(10):539–549. https://doi.org/10.1002/bip.22656
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Yang XN, Xue DD, Li JY, Liu M, Jia SR, Chu LQ, Wahid F, Zhang YM, Zhong C (2016) Improvement of antimicrobial activity of graphene oxide/bacterial cellulose nanocomposites through the electrostatic modification. Carbohydr Polym 136:1152–1160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.10.020
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Younesa I, Nasri R, Chaabouni M, Rinaudo M, Nasri M (2012) Chitin and chitosan preparation from shrimp shells using optimized enzymatic deproteinization. Process Biochem 47(12):2032–2039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2012.07.017
Article CAS Google Scholar
Youssef AM, Abdel-Aziz MS, El-Sayed SM (2014) Chitosan nanocomposite films based on Ag-NP and Au-NP biosynthesis by Bacillus Subtilis as packaging materials. Int J Biol Macromol 69(8):185–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.05.047
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Youssef AM, Abou-Yousef H, El-Sayed SM, Kamel S (2015) Mechanical and antibacterial properties of novel high performance chitosan/nanocomposite films. Int J Biol Macromol 76:25–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.02.016
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Yu HY, Chen GY, Wang YB, Yao JM (2015) A facile one-pot route for preparing cellulose nanocrystal/zinc oxide nanohybrids with high antibacterial and photocatalytic activity. Cellulose 22(1):261–273. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-014-0491-0
Article CAS Google Scholar
Yu N, Cai T, Sun Y, Jiang C, Xiong H, Li Y, Peng H (2018) A novel antibacterial agent based on AgNPs and Fe₃O₄ loaded chitin microspheres with peroxidase-like activity for synergistic antibacterial activity and wound-healing. Int J Pharm 552(1):277–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.10.002
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Yue X, Zhang T, Yang D, Qiu F, Li Z, Wei G, Qiao Y (2019) Ag nanoparticles coated cellulose membrane with high infrared reflection, breathability and antibacterial property for human thermal insulation. J Colloid Interface Sci 535:363–370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2018.10.009
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Zargar V, Asghari M, Dashti A (2015) A review on chitin and chitosan polymers: structure, chemistry, solubility, derivatives, and applications. ChemBioEng Rev 2(3):204–226. https://doi.org/10.1002/cben.201400025
Article CAS Google Scholar
Zhai M, Xu Y, Zhou B, Jing W (2018) Keratin-chitosan/n-ZnO nanocomposite hydrogel for antimicrobial treatment of burn wound healing: characterization and biomedical application. J Photochem Photobiol B Biol 180:253–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.02.018
Article CAS Google Scholar
Zhang X, Xiao G, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Su H, Tan T (2017) Preparation of chitosan-TiO₂ composite film with efficient antimicrobial activities under visible light for food packaging applications. Carbohydr Polym 169:101–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.03.073
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Zhao L, Wu Y, Chen S, Xing T (2015) Preparation and characterization of cross-linked carboxymethyl chitin porous membrane scaffold for biomedical applications. Carbohydr Polym 126(3):150–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.02.050
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Zhou Z, Lu C, Wu X, Zhang X (2013) Cellulose nanocrystals as a novel support for CuO nanoparticles catalysts: facile synthesis and their application to 4-nitrophenol reduction. RSC Adv 3(48):26066–26073. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3RA43006E
Article CAS Google Scholar

Download references

Funding

This work was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 31470610 and no. 21576212), Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin (17YFZCSF01120 and 18PTSYJC00140), and the Youth Innovation Foundation of Tibet (no. QC2015-27).

Author information

Affiliations

Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People’s Republic of China
Shahia Khattak, Fazli Wahid, Ling-Pu Liu, Shi-Ru Jia, Yan-Yan Xie & Cheng Zhong
State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People’s Republic of China
Shahia Khattak, Fazli Wahid, Ling-Pu Liu, Shi-Ru Jia, Yan-Yan Xie & Cheng Zhong
College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People’s Republic of China
Li-Qiang Chu
School of Medicine, Tibet University, Lhasa, 850000, Tibet, People’s Republic of China
Zi-Xuan Li

Authors

Shahia Khattak
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Fazli Wahid
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Ling-Pu Liu
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Shi-Ru Jia
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Li-Qiang Chu
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Yan-Yan Xie
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Zi-Xuan Li
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Cheng Zhong
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Cheng Zhong.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Shahia Khattak and Fazli Wahid are co-first Author

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Khattak, S., Wahid, F., Liu, LP. et al. Applications of cellulose and chitin/chitosan derivatives and composites as antibacterial materials: current state and perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 103, 1989–2006 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-018-09602-0

Download citation

Received: 23 November 2018
Revised: 20 December 2018
Accepted: 27 December 2018
Published: 12 January 2019
Issue Date: 01 March 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-018-09602-0

Keywords

Chitin/chitosan
Cellulose
Derivatives
Composites
Antibacterial applications