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A metagenomic assessment of the bacteria associated with Lucilia sericata and Lucilia cuprina (Diptera: Calliphoridae)

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Abstract

Lucilia Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Calliphoridae) is a blow fly genus of forensic, medical, veterinary, and agricultural importance. This genus is also famous because of its beneficial uses in maggot debridement therapy (MDT). Although the genus is of considerable economic importance, our knowledge about microbes associated with these flies and how these bacteria are horizontally and trans-generationally transmitted is limited. In this study, we characterized bacteria associated with different life stages of Lucilia sericata (Meigen) and Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) and in the salivary gland of L. sericata by using 16S rDNA 454 pyrosequencing. Bacteria associated with the salivary gland of L. sericata were also characterized using light and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results from this study suggest that the majority of bacteria associated with these flies belong to phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes, and most bacteria are maintained intragenerationally, with a considerable degree of turnover from generation to generation. In both species, second-generation eggs exhibited the highest bacterial phylum diversity (20 % genetic distance) than other life stages. The Lucilia sister species shared the majority of their classified genera. Of the shared bacterial genera, Providencia, Ignatzschineria, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Vagococcus, Morganella, and Myroides were present at relatively high abundances. Lactobacillus, Proteus, Diaphorobacter, and Morganella were the dominant bacterial genera associated with a survey of the salivary gland of L. sericata. TEM analysis showed a sparse distribution of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in the salivary gland of L. sericata. There was more evidence for horizontal transmission of bacteria than there was for trans-generational inheritance. Several pathogenic genera were either amplified or reduced by the larval feeding on decomposing liver as a resource. Overall, this study provides information on bacterial communities associated with different life stages of Lucilia and their horizontal and trans-generational transmission, which may help in the development of better vector-borne disease management and MDT methods.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Dr. Robert Droleskey for his assistance with transmission electron microscopy of the salivary gland. Funding for B.S., A.M.T., L.Z., A.T.F., M.F., and J.K.T. was provided partially by the Texas Agrilife Research and the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences at Texas A&M University, College Station, TX. Additional funding for B.S., A.M.T., T.L.C., and J.K.T. was provided by the National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice through Grant 2010-DN-BX-K243. B.S. was also supported by a start up fund from the College of Humanities and Sciences of Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA. We also thank anonymous reviewers for their suggestions that improved this article substantially. Points of view in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice, Department of the Army, Department of Defense, or U.S. Government. Mention of trade names, companies, or commercial products in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement of the products by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA

    Baneshwar Singh, Longyu Zheng, Andrew T. Fields, Micah Flores, Jeffery K. Tomberlin & Aaron M. Tarone

  2. Department of Forensic Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1015 Floyd Avenue, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA

    Baneshwar Singh

  3. Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, College Station, TX, USA

    Tawni L. Crippen & Longyu Zheng

  4. State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbe Pesticide, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China

    Longyu Zheng & Ziniu Yu

  5. School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA

    Andrew T. Fields

  6. Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Science, Tianjin, China

    Qun Ma

  7. Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA

    Thomas K. Wood

  8. MR DNA Molecular Research LP, Shallowater, TX, USA

    Scot E. Dowd

  9. Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA

    Micah Flores

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Correspondence to Baneshwar Singh.

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Singh, B., Crippen, T.L., Zheng, L. et al. A metagenomic assessment of the bacteria associated with Lucilia sericata and Lucilia cuprina (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 99, 869–883 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-014-6115-7

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