Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Bioflavoring and beer refermentation

  • Mini-Review
  • Published:
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Various techniques are used to adjust the flavors of foods and beverages to new market demands. Although synthetic flavoring chemicals are still widely used, flavors produced by biological methods (bioflavors) are now more and more requested by consumers, increasingly concerned with health and environmental problems caused by synthetic chemicals. Bioflavors can be extracted from plants or produced with plant cell cultures, microorganisms or isolated enzymes. This Mini-Review paper gives an overview of different systems for the microbial production of natural flavors, either de novo, or starting with selected flavor precursor molecules. Emphasis is put on the bioflavoring of beer and the possibilities offered by beer refermentation processes. The use of flavor precursors in combination with non-conventional or genetically modified yeasts for the production of new products is discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 4.
Fig. 5.
Fig. 6.
Fig. 7.
Fig. 8.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Achterholt S, Priefert H, Steinbüchel A (1998) Purification and characterization of the coniferyl aldehyde dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas sp. strain HR199 and molecular characterization of the gene. J Bacteriol 180:4387–4391

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Amoore JE, Johnston JW, Rubin M (1964) The stereochemical theory of odor. Sci Am 210:42–49

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson RG, Kirsop BH (1974) The control of volatile ester synthesis during the fermentation of wort of high specific gravity. J Inst Brew 80:48–55

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brandt K, Thewes S, Overhage J, Priefert H, Steinbüchel A (2001) Characterization of the eugenol hydroxylase genes (ehyA/ehyB) from the new eugenol-degrading Pseudomonas sp strain OPS1. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 56:724–730

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Calderbank J, Hammond JRM (1994) Influence of higher alcohol availability on ester formation by yeast. J Am Soc Brew Chem 52:84–90

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Casey GP, Xiao W, Rank GHJ (1988) A convenient dominant selection marker for gene transfer in industrial strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: SMR1 encoded resistance to the herbicide sulfometuron methyl. J Inst Brew 94:93–97

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chatonnet P, Dubourdieu D, Boidron J, Pons M (1992) The origin of ethylphenols in wines. J Agric Food Chem 60:165–178

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chatonnet P, Dubourdieu D, Boidron JN (1995) The influence of Brettanomyces/Dekhera sp yeasts and lactic acid bacteria on the ethylphenol content of red wines. Am J Enol Vitic 46:463–468

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chatonnet P, Viala C, Dubourdieu D (1997) Influence of polyphenolic components of red wines on the microbial synthesis of volatile phenols. Am J Enol Vitic 48:443–448

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheetham PSJ (1993) The use of biotransformations for the production of flavours and fragrances. Trends Biotechnol 11:478–488

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins RP (1976) Terpenes and odoriferous materials from micro-organisms. Lloydia 39:20–24

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dawoud E, Verachtert H (1992) Synthesis of aroma compounds by wort enterobacteria during the first stage of lambic fermentation. J Inst Brew 98:421–425

    Google Scholar 

  • Debourg A, Laurent M, Dupire S, Masschelein CA (1993) The specific role and interaction of yeast enzymatic systems in the removal of flavour-potent wort carbonyls during fermentation. Proc Congr Eur Brew Conv 437–444

  • Debourg A, Laurent M, Verlinden V, Van De Winkel L, Masschelein CA, Van Nedervelde L (1995) Yeast physiological state on carbonyl reduction. Eur Brew Conv Monogr 158–174

  • Decort S, Kumara H, Verachtert H (1994) Localization and characterization of alpha-glucosidase activity in Lactobacillus-Brevis. Appl Environ Microbiol 60:3074–3078

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DeKeersmaecker J (1996) The mystery of lambic beer. Sci Am 275:74–80

    Google Scholar 

  • Demain AL, Jackson M, Trenner NR (1967) Thiamine-dependent accumulation of tetramethylpyrazine accompanying a mutation in the isoleucine-valine pathway. J Bacteriol 94:323–326

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dequin S (2001) The potential of genetic engineering for improving brewing, wine-making and baking yeasts. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 56:577–588

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Derdelinckx G, Vanderhasselt B, Maudoux M, Dufour JP (1992) Refermentation in bottles and kegs: a rigorous approach. Brauwelt Int 2:156–164

    Google Scholar 

  • Dominguez C, Guillen DA, Barroso CG (2002) Determination of volatile phenols in fino sherry wines. Anal Chim Acta 458:95–102

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drawert F, Barton H (1978) Biosynthesis of flavor compounds by microorganisms.3. Production of monoterpenes by yeast Kluyveromyces lactis. J Agric Food Chem 26:765–766

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dufour J-P, Llorente B, Dujon B, Kumara S, Verstrepen KJ, Derdelinckx G (2002) A three member gene family is responsible for the synthesis of short chain fatty acid esters during fermentation. Brew Dig 77:36–37

    Google Scholar 

  • Erbe T, Bruckner H (2000) Chromatographic determination of amino acid enantiomers in beers and raw materials used for their manufacture. J Chromatogr A 881:81–91

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ernest CH, Chen A, Jamieson AM, Van Gheluwe G (1980) The release of fatty acids as a consequence of yeast autolysis. J Am Soc Brew Chem 38:13–17

    Google Scholar 

  • Feron G, Bonnarme P, Durand A (1996) Prospects in the microbial production of food flavours. Trends Food Sci Technol 7:285–293

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fujii T, Nagasawa N, Iwamatsu A, Bogaki T, Tamai Y, Hamachi M (1994) Molecular cloning, sequence analysis and expression of the yeast alcohol acetyltransferase gene. Appl Environ Microbiol 60:2786–2792

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fujii T, Yoshimoto H, Nagasawa N, Bogaki T, Tamai Y, Hamachi M (1996) Nucleotide sequence of alcohol acetyltransferase genes from lager brewing yeast, Saccharomyces carlsbergensis. Yeast 12:593–598

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gasson MJ, Kitamura Y, McLauchlan WR, Narbad A, Parr AJ, Lindsay E, Parsons H, Payne J, Rhodes MJC, Walton NJ (1998) Metabolism of ferulic acid to vanillin—a bacterial gene of the enoyl-SCoA hydratase/isomerase superfamily encodes an enzyme for the hydration and cleavage of a hydroxycinnamic acid SCoA thioester. J Biol Chem 273:4163–4170

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goelling D, Stahl U (1988) Cloning and expression of an alfa acetolactate decarboxylase gene from Streptococcus lactis subsp. diacetylactis in Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 54:1889–1891

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gueguen Y, Chemardin P, Janbon G, Arnaud A, Galzy P (1996) A very efficient β-glucosidase catalyst for the hydrolysis of flavor precursors in wine and fruit juices. J Agric Food Chem 44:2336–2340

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hallé C, Leroi F, Dousset X, Pidoux M (1994) Les Kéfirs—Des associations bactéries lactiques—levures. In: de Roissart H, Luquet FM (eds) Bactéries lactiques—aspects fondamentaux et techniques. Lorica Uriage, France, pp 169–182

  • Halm M, Lillie A, Sorensen AK, Jakobsen M (1993) Microbiological and aromatic characteristics of fermented maize doughs for kenkey production in Ghana. Int J Food Microbiol 19:135–143

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hamada T, Sugishita M, Fukushima Y, Fukase T, Motai H (1991) Continuous production of soy sauce by a bioreactor system. Process Biochem 26:39–45

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hammond JRM (1995) Genetically-modified brewing yeast for the 21st century. Progress to date. Yeast 11:1613–1627

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harder W, Brooke AG (1989) Methylotrophic yeasts. In: Verachtert H, De Mot R (eds) Yeast—biotechnology and biocatalysis. Dekker, New York

  • Häusler A, Münch T (1997) Microbial production of natural flavours. ASM News 63:551–559

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirata D, Aoki S, Watanabe K, Tsukioka M, Suzuki T (1992) Stable overproduction of isoamyl alcohol by S. cerevisiae with chromosome integrated copies of the LEU4 genes. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 56:1682–1683

    Google Scholar 

  • Horsted MW, Dey ES, Holmberg S, Kielland-Brandt MC (1998) A novel esterase from Saccharomyces carlsbergensis, a possible function for the yeast TIP1 gene. Yeast 14:793–803

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jaeger KE, Reetz MT, Dykstra B (2002) Directed evolution to produce enantioselective biocatalysis. ASM News 68:556–562

    Google Scholar 

  • Janssens L, De Pooter HL, Schamp NM, Vandamme EJ (1992) Production of flavours by micro-organisms. Process Biochem 27:195–215

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kragl U, Kruse W, Hummel W, Wandrey C (1996) Enzyme engineering aspects of biocatalysis: cofactor regeneration as example. Biotechnol Bioeng 52:309–319

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krishna SH (2002) Developments and trends in enzyme catalysis in nonconventional media. Biotechnol Adv 20:239–267

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumara H, Decort S, Verachtert H (1993) Localization and characterization of alpha-glucosidase activity in Brettanomyces-Lambicus. Appl Environ Microbiol 59:2352–2358

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee MY, Dordick JS (2002) Enzyme activation for nonaqueous media. Curr Opin Biotechnol 13:376–384

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee S, Villa K, Patino H (1995) Yeast strain development for enhanced production of desirable alcohols/esters in beer. J Am Soc Brew Chem 53:153–156

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee SL, Cheng HY, Chen WC, Chou CC (1998) Production of gamma-decalactone from ricinoleic acid by immobilized cells of Sporidiobolus salmonicolor. Process Biochem 33:453–459

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lehmann M, Wyss M (2001) Engineering proteins for thermostability: the use of sequence alignments versus rational design and directed evolution. Curr Opin Biotechnol 12:371–375

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lehmann M, Pasamontes L, Lassen SF, Wyss M (2000) The consensus concept for thermostability engineering of proteins. Biochim Biophys Acta 1543:408–415

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leroy MJ, Charpentier M, Duteurtre B, Feuillat M, Charpentier C (1990) Yeast autolysis during champagne aging. Am J Enol Vitic 41:21–28

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Licker JL, Acree TE, Henick-Kling T (1997) What is "Brett" (Brettanomyces) flavor. American Chemical Society Symposium, 213th National Meeting. San Fransisco, Calif., pp 96–115

  • Lilly M, Lambrechts MG, Pretorius IS (2000) Effect of increased yeast alcohol acetyltransferase activity on flavor profiles of wine and distillates. Appl Environ Microbiol 66:744–753

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lin SJ, Lee SL, Chou CC (1996) Effects of various fatty acid components of castor oil on the growth and production of gamma-decalactone by Sporobolomyces odorus. J Ferment Bioeng 82:42–45

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martens H, Iserentant D, Verachtert H (1997) Microbiological aspects of a mixed yeast-bacterial fermentation in the production of special Belgian acidic ales. J Inst Brew 103:85–91

    Google Scholar 

  • Mason B, Dufour J-P (2000) Alcohol acetyltransferases and the significance of ester synthesis in yeast. Yeast 16:1287–1298

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Masschelein CA (1986) Centenary review: the biochemistry of maturation. J Inst Brew 92:213–219

    Google Scholar 

  • Meilgaard MC (2001) Effects on flavour of innovations in brewery equipment and processing: a review. J Inst Brew 107:271–286

    Google Scholar 

  • Minetoki T, Bogaki T, Iwamatsu A, Fujii T, Hamachi M (1993) The purification, properties and internal peptide sequences of alcohol acetyltransferase isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae Kyokai No 7. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 57:2094–2098

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Montel MC, Reitz J, Talon R, Berdagué JL, Rousset-Akrim S (1996) Biochemical activities of Micrococcaceae and their effects on the aromatic profiles and odours of a dry sausage model. Food Microbiology 13:489–499

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nagasawa N, Bogaki T, Iwamatsu A, Hamachi M, Kumagai C (1998) Cloning and nucleotide sequence of the alcohol acetyltransferase II gene (ATF2) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae Kyokai No. 7. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 62:1852–1857

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Narbad A, Gasson MJ (1998) Metabolism of ferulic acid via vanillin using a novel CoA- dependent pathway in a newly-isolated strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. Microbiology 144:1397–1405

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neven H, Delvaux F, Derdelinckx G (1997) Flavor evaluation of top fermented beers. Tech Q Master Brew Assoc Am 34:115–118

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nykänen L (1986) Formation and occurrence of flavor compounds in wine and distilled alcoholic beverages. Am J Enol Vitic 37:84–96

    Google Scholar 

  • Ormrod IHL, Lalor EF, Sharpe FR (1991) The release of yeast proteolytic enzymes into beer. J Inst Brew 97:441–443

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Overhage J, Kresse AU, Priefert H, Sommer H, Krammer G, Rabenhorst J, Steinbüchel A (1999a) Molecular characterization of the genes pcaG and pcaH, encoding protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase, which are essential for vanillin catabolism in Pseudomonas sp. strain HR199. Appl Environ Microbiol 65:951–960

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Overhage J, Priefert H, Steinbüchel A (1999b) Biochemical and genetic analyses of ferulic acid catabolism in Pseudomonas sp strain HR199. Appl Environ Microbiol 65:4837–4847

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pabst A, Barron D, Adda J, Schreier P (1990) Phenylbutan-2-one β-d-glucosides from raspberry fruit. Phytochemistry 29:3853–3858

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palmer AK, Rennie H (1974) Ester control in high gravity brewing. J Inst Brew 80:447–454

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pretorius IS (2000) Tailoring wine yeast for the new millennium: novel approaches to the ancient art of winemaking. Yeast 16:675–729

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pretorius IS, Van der Westhuizen TJ (1991) The impact of yeast genetics and recombinant DNA technology on the wine industry—a review. S Afr J Enol Vitic 12:3–31

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Priefert H, Rabenhorst J, Steinbüchel A (1997) Molecular characterization of genes of Pseudomonas sp. strain HR199 involved in bioconversion of vanillin to protocatechuate. J Bacteriol 179:2595–2607

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Priefert H, Overhage J, Steinbüchel A (1999) Identification and molecular characterization of the eugenol hydroxylase genes (ehyA/ehyB) of Pseudomonas sp. strain HR199. Arch Microbiol 172:354–363

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Priefert H, Rabenhorst J, Steinbüchel A (2001) Biotechnological production of vanillin. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 56:296–314

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ramey DD, Ough CS (1980) Volatile ester hydrolysis or formation during storage of model solutions and wines. J Agric Food Chem 28:928–934

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rao SR, Ravishankar GA (2000) Vanilla flavour: production by conventional and biotechnological routes. J Sci Food Agric 80:289–304

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Savelli G, Spreti N, Di Profio P (2000) Enzyme activity and stability control by amphiphilic self- organizing systems in aqueous solutions. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 5:111–117

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schermers FH, Duffus JH, MacLeod AM (1976) Studies of yeast esterase. J Inst Brew 82:170–174

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmid W, Grosch W (1986) Quatitative Analyse flüchtiger Aromastoffe mit hohen Aromawerten in Sauerkirschen (Prunus cerasus L.) Süβkirschen (Prunus avium L.) und Kirschenkonfitüren. Z Lebensm Unters Forsch 183:39–44

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schreier P (1997) Enzymes and flavour biotechnology. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol 55:51–72

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shantha Kumara HMC, Verachtert H (1991) Identification of lambic superattenuating micro-organisms by the use of selective antibiotics. J Inst Brew 97:181–185

    Google Scholar 

  • Spaepen M, Verachtert H (1982) Esterase activity in the genus Brettanomyces. J Inst Brew 88:11–17

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tahara S, Fujiwara K, Ishizaka H, Mizutani J, Obata Y (1972) γ-Decalactone—one of the constituents of volatiles in cultured broth of Sporobolomyces odorus. Agric Biol Chem 37:2585–2587

    Google Scholar 

  • Tahara S, Fujiwara K, Mizutani J (1973) Neutral constituents of volatiles in cultured broth of Sporobolomyces odorous. Agric Biol Chem 37:2855–2861

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van den Bremt K, Delvaux FR, Verachtert H, Derdelinckx G (2001) Biogeneration of flavors: performance of Candida methanolovescens strains in nonalcoholic beer. J Am Soc Brew Chem 59:80–83

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Iersel MFM, Eppink MHM, Van Berkel WJH, Rombouts FM, Abee T (1997) Purification and characterization of a novel NADP-dependent branched-chain alcohol dehydrogenase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Environ Microbiol 63:4079–4082

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Nedervelde L, Verlinden V, Philipp D, Debourg A (1997) Purification and characterization of yeast 3-methyl butanal reductases involved in the removal of wort carbonyls during fermentation. Process Biochem 32:447–454

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Nedervelde L, Oudjama Y, Desmedt F, Debourg A (1999) Further characterization and amplification of the aldoketoreductase activity during fermentation: impact on aldehyde reduction. Proc Congr Eur Brew Conv 711–718

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Oevelen D, Spaepen M, Timmermans P, Verachtert H (1977) Microbiological aspects of spontaneous wort fermentation in the production of lambic and gueuze. J Inst Brew 83:356–36

    Google Scholar 

  • Velde F van de, Lourenco ND, Pinheiro HM, Bakker M (2002) Carrageenan: a food-grade and biocompatible support for immobilisation techniques. Adv Synth Catal 344:815–835

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verachtert H, Kumara HMC, Dawoud E (1989) Yeast in mixed cultures with emphasis on lambic beer brewing. In: Verachtert H, De Mot R (eds) Yeast—biotechnology and biocatalysis. Dekker, New York, pp 429–478

  • Verstrepen KJ, Bauer FF, Winderickx J, Derdelinckx G, Dufour J-P, Thevelein JM, Pretorius IS, Delvaux FR (2001a) Genetic modification of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: fitting the modern brewer's needs. Cerevisia 26:89–97

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Verstrepen KJ, Derdelinckx G, Delvaux FR, Winderickx J, Thevelein JM, Bauer FF, Pretorius IS (2001b) Late fermentation expression of FLO1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Am Soc Brew Chem 59:69–76

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Verstrepen KJ, Derdelinckx G, Dufour J-P, Winderickx J, Thevelein JM, Pretorius IS, Delvaux FR (2003a) Flavour-active esters: adding fruitiness to beer (a practical review). J Biosci Bioeng (in press)

  • Verstrepen KJ, Moonjai N, Derdelinckx G, Dufour J-P, Winderickx J, Thevelein JM, Pretorius IS, Delvaux FR (2003b) Genetic regulation of ester synthesis in brewer's yeast: new facts, insights and implications for the brewer. In: Smart K (ed) Brewing yeast fermentation performance, 2nd edn. Blackwell, Oxford, pp 234–248

  • Villa KD, Lee S, Goossens E, Debourg A, Masschelein CA (1995) Control of vicinal diketone production by brewer's yeast. I: Effect of ILV5 and ILV3 amplification on vicinal diketone production and ILV enzyme activity. J Am Soc Brew Chem 53:49–53

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vos WM de (1999) Safe and sustainable systems for food-grade fermentations by genetically modified lactic acid bacteria. Int Dairy J 9:3–10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wackerbauer K, Methner FJ (1988) The microoganisms of "Berliner Weissbier" and their influence on the beer flavour. Brauwelt Int 382–388

  • Wackerbauer K, Methner FJ (1989) On the formation of acids and esters in "Berliner Weissbier". Brauwelt Int 68–74

  • Waldo GS (2003) Genetic screens and directed evolution for protein solubility. Curr Opin Chem Biol 7:33–38

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wanikawa A, Hosoi K, Kato T (2000) Conversion of unsaturated fatty acids to precursors of gamma-lactones by lactic acid bacteria during production of malt whisky. J Am Soc Brew Chem 58:51–56

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winterhalter P, Skouroumounis GK (1997) Glycoconjugated aroma compounds: occurrence, role and biotechnological transformation. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol 55:73–105

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yamano S, Kondo K, Tanaka J, Inoue T (1994a) Construction of a brewers-yeast having alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase gene from Acetobacter-aceti ssp xylinum integrated in the genome. J Biotechnol 32:173–178

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yamano S, Tanaka J, Inoue T (1994b) Cloning and expression of the gene encoding alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase from Acetobacter aceti spp. xylinum. J Biotechnol 32:165–171

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yamano S, Tomizuka K, Tanaka J, Inoue T (1994c) High-Level expression of alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase gene from Acetobacter-aceti subsp xylinum in brewing. J Biotechnol 37:45–48

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamano S, Tomizuka K, Sone H, Imura M, Takeuchi T, Tanaka J, Inoue T (1995) Brewing performance of a brewers-yeast having alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase from Acetobacter-aceti subsp xylinum. J Biotechnol 39:21–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoshimoto H, Fujiwara D, Momma T, Tanaka K, Sone H, Nagasawa N, Tamai T (1999) Isolation and characterization of the ATF2 gene encoding alcohol acetyl transferase II in the bottom fermenting yeast Saccharomyces pastorianus. Yeast 15:409–417

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoshimoto T, Samejima M, Hanyu N, Koma T (1990a) Dioxygenase for styrene cleavage manufactured by Pseudomonas. Patent application JP 2195871

  • Yoshimoto T, Samejima M, Hanyu N, Koma T (1990b) Manufacture of benzaldehydes from styrenes with dioxygenase from Pseudomonas species. Patent application JP 2200192

  • Yoshioka K, Hashimoto N (1981) Ester formation by alcohol acetyl transferase from brewer's yeast. Agric Biol Chem 45:2183–2190

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshioka K, Hashimoto N (1983) Cellular fatty acid and ester formation by brewer's yeast. Agric Biol Chem 47:2287–2294

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshioka K, Hashimoto N (1984) Acetyl-CoA of brewer's yeast and formation of acetate esters. Agric Biol Chem 48:207–209

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Younis OS, Stewart GG (1999) The effect of malt wort, very high gravity malt wort and very high gravity adjunct wort on volatile production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Am Soc Brew Chem 57:39–45

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to B. Vanderhaegen.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Vanderhaegen, B., Neven, H., Coghe, S. et al. Bioflavoring and beer refermentation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 62, 140–150 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-003-1340-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-003-1340-5

Keywords

Navigation