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23Na multiple quantum filtered NMR characterisation of Na+ binding and dynamics in animal cells: a comparative study and effect of Na+/Li+ competition

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Abstract

Double quantum and triple quantum filtered 23Na nuclear magnetic resonance techniques were used to characterise in detail the isotropic and anisotropic binding and dynamics of intra- and extracellular Na+ in different cellular systems, in the absence and presence of Li+. The kinetics of Li+ influx by different cell types was evaluated. At steady state, astrocytes accumulated more Li+ than red blood cells (RBCs), while a higher intracellular Li+ concentration was found in chromaffin than in SH-SY5Y cells. Anisotropic and isotropic motions were detected for extracellular Na+ in all cellular systems studied. Isotropic intracellular Na+ motions were observed in all types of cells, while anisotropic Na+ motions in the intracellular compartment were only detected in RBCs. 23Na triple quantum signal efficiency for intracellular Na+ was SH-SY5Y > chromaffin > RBCs, while the reverse order was observed for the extracellular ions. 23Na double quantum signal efficiency for intracellular Na+ was non-zero only in RBCs, and for extracellular Na+ the order RBCs > chromaffin > SH-SY5Y cells was observed. Li+ loading generally decreased intracellular Na+ isotropic movements in the cells, except for astrocytes incubated with a low Li+ concentration and increased anisotropic intracellular Na+ movements in RBCs. Li+ effects on the extracellular signals were more complex, reflecting Li+/Na+ competition for isotropic and anisotropic binding sites at the extracellular surface of cell membranes and also at the surface of the gel used for cell immobilisation. These results are relevant and contribute to the interpretation of the in vivo pharmacokinetics and sites of Li+ action.

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Abbreviations

α :

Ratio of volume of intracellular water accessible to Li+ ions to cell volume

A :

Amplitude of the T 31 signals

(A i) t , (A e) t and (A i)∞, (A e)∞ :

Areas of the intra- and extracellular 7Li+ NMR signals at the different times t and when the intracellular Li+ concentration has reached a steady state, respectively

B :

Amplitude of the T 21 signals

BME:

Eagle’s basal medium

BMG:

Basement membrane gel

C T :

Cytocrit

δ :

Evolution time

DMEM:

Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium

DMEM/F-12:

Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium/Ham’s nutrient mixture F-12

DQF:

Double quantum filtered

FBS:

Fetal bovine serum

HEPES:

N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N′-2-ethanesulfonic acid

Ht:

Hematocrit

I max :

Maximum intensity of the MQF

k i :

Li+ influx rate constant

k iapp :

Apparent Li+ influx rate constant

[Li+]eT :

Total extracellular Li+ concentration

[Li+]i :

Intracellular Li+ concentration

[Li+]if :

Free, NMR visible, intracellular Li+ concentration

[Li+]iT :

Total intracellular Li+ concentration

MQF:

Multiple quantum filtered

[Na+]i :

Intracellular Na+ concentration

o.d.:

Outer diameter

RBCs:

Red blood cells

SQ:

Single quantum

SR:

Shift reagent

τ :

Multiple quantum creation or preparation time

T 2f :

Fast components of the biexponential T 2 relaxation time

T 2s :

Slow component of the biexponential T 2 relaxation time

TQF:

Triple quantum filtered

\( \overline{\omega }_{\text{Q}} \) :

Residual quadrupolar coupling constant

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Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge financial support from Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT), Portugal (Projects POCTI/2000/BCI/36160, PRAXIS/2/2.1/BIO/1117/95) and FEDER. Carla P. Fonseca, Liliana P. Montezinho, Luís L. Fonseca and Paula M. Alves were supported by FCT grants, Praxis XXI/BD/21462/99, SFRH/BD/3286/2000, PRAXIS XXI/BD/21532/99 and PRAXIS XXI/BD/2721/94, respectively. The assistance of Dr. Antonio Maretzek in setting up some of the NMR experiments is gratefully acknowledged.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal

    Carla P. Fonseca

  2. Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and Coimbra Chemistry Center, University of Coimbra, P.O. Box 3046, 3001-401, Coimbra, Portugal

    Liliana P. Montezinho, M. Margarida C. A. Castro & Carlos F. G. C. Geraldes

  3. Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica (ITQB), Lisbon New University, Apartado 127, 2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal

    Luís L. Fonseca, Paula M. Alves & Helena Santos

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  1. Carla P. Fonseca
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Correspondence to Carlos F. G. C. Geraldes.

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Fonseca, C.P., Fonseca, L.L., Montezinho, L.P. et al. 23Na multiple quantum filtered NMR characterisation of Na+ binding and dynamics in animal cells: a comparative study and effect of Na+/Li+ competition. Eur Biophys J 42, 503–519 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00249-013-0899-8

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