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Elevated O3 Exerts Stronger Effects than Elevated CO2 on the Functional Guilds of Fungi, but Collectively Increase the Structural Complexity of Fungi in a Paddy Soil

  • Soil Microbiology
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Abstract

Global climate change is characterized by altered global atmospheric composition, including elevated CO2 and O3, with important consequences on soil fungal communities. However, the function and community composition of soil fungi in response to elevated CO2 together with elevated O3 in paddy soils remain largely unknown. Here we used twelve open-top chamber facilities (OTCs) to evaluate the interactive effect of CO2 (+ 200 ppm) and O3 (+ 40 ppb) on the diversity, gene abundance, community structure, and functional composition of soil fungi during the growing seasons of two rice cultivars (Japonica, Wuyujing 3 vs. Nangeng 5055) in a Chinese paddy soil. Elevated CO2 and O3 showed no individual or combined effect on the gene abundance or relative abundance of soil fungi, but increased structural complexity of soil fungal communities, indicating that elevated CO2 and/or O3 promoted the competition of species-species interactions. When averaged both cultivars, elevated CO2 showed no individual effect on the diversity or abundance of functional guilds of soil fungi. By contrast, elevated O3 significantly reduced the relative abundance and diversity of symbiotrophic fungi by an average of 47.2% and 39.1%, respectively. Notably, elevated O3 exerts stronger effects on the functional processes of fungal communities than elevated CO2. The structural equation model revealed that elevated CO2 and/or O3 indirectly affected the functional composition of soil fungi through community structure and diversity of soil fungi. Root C/N and soil environmental parameters were identified as the top direct predictors for the community structure of soil fungi. Furthermore, significant correlations were identified between saprotrophic fungi and root biomass, symbiotrophic fungi and root carbon, the pathotroph-symbiotroph and soil pH, as well as pathotroph-saprotroph-symbiotroph and soil microbial biomass carbon. These results suggest that climatic factors substantially affected the functional processes of soil fungal, and threatened soil function and food production, highlighting the detrimental impacts of high O3 on the function composition of soil biota.

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Data Availability

The microbial raw data were submitted to the NCBI Sequence Read Archive and are available through BioProject record ID PRJNA881240.

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Funding

The research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 42077209, 32071631, 31901165, and 41907022) and Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province, China (Grant Nos. 2020J01186 and 2020J01138).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China

    Jianqing Wang, Xiuzhen Shi, Yunyan Tan & Liyan Wang

  2. School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China

    Jianqing Wang, Xiuzhen Shi, Yunyan Tan & Liyan Wang

  3. Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China

    Guoyou Zhang

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  1. Jianqing Wang
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Contributions

JW and XS analyzed the data and drafted the manuscript. JW, YT, and LW performed the laboratory work. XS revised and improved the draft. GZ contributed ideas to the study and carried out the experimental design and management. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.

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Correspondence to Xiuzhen Shi.

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Wang, J., Shi, X., Tan, Y. et al. Elevated O3 Exerts Stronger Effects than Elevated CO2 on the Functional Guilds of Fungi, but Collectively Increase the Structural Complexity of Fungi in a Paddy Soil. Microb Ecol 86, 1096–1106 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-022-02124-3

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