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Population Structure and Multidrug Resistance of Non-O1/Non-O139 Vibrio cholerae in Freshwater Rivers in Zhejiang, China

  • Environmental Microbiology
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Abstract

To understand the environmental reservoirs of Vibrio cholerae and their public health significance, we surveyed freshwater samples from rivers in two cities (Jiaxing [JX] and Jiande [JD]) in Zhejiang, China. A total of 26 sampling locations were selected, and river water was sampled 456 times from 2015 to 2016 yielding 200 V. cholerae isolates, all of which were non-O1/non-O139. The average isolation rate was 47.3% and 39.1% in JX and JD, respectively. Antibiotic resistance profiles of the V. cholerae isolates were examined with nonsusceptibility to cefazolin (68.70%, 79/115) being most common, followed by ampicillin (47.83%, 55/115) and imipenem (27.83%, 32/115). Forty-two isolates (36.52%, 42/115) were defined as multidrug resistant (MDR). The presence of virulence genes was also determined, and the majority of the isolates were positive for toxR (198/200, 99%) and hlyA (196/200, 98%) with few other virulence genes observed. The population structure of the V. cholerae non-O1/non-O139 sampled was examined using multilocus sequence typing (MLST) with 200 isolates assigned to 128 STs and 6 subpopulations. The non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae population in JX was more varied than in JD. By clonal complexes (CCs), 31 CCs that contained isolates from this study were shared with other parts of China and/or other countries, suggesting widespread presence of some non-O1/non-O139 clones. Drug resistance profiles differed between subpopulations. The findings suggest that non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae in the freshwater environment is a potential source of human infections. Routine surveillance of non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae in freshwater rivers will be of importance to public health.

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Funding

This research was funded by the Key Technology Research and Development Program of Shandong (2019JZZY011018). Yun Luo is a PhD student supported through Australian Government Research Training Program Scholarship.

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  1. Yun Luo, Henghui Wang and Jie Liang contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia

    Yun Luo, Sophie Octavia, Michael Payne & Ruiting Lan

  2. Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, 310052, Zhejiang, China

    Yun Luo, Huiqin Qian, Julian Ye & Jianmin Jiang

  3. Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaxing, 314050, Zhejiang, China

    Henghui Wang, Lixia Chen & Zhongwen Chen

  4. Jiande Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, 311600, Zhejiang, China

    Jie Liang, Xianqing Yang & Fei Wang

  5. Centre of Laboratory Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China

    Xiaojun Song & Dazhi Jin

  6. School of Laboratory Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China

    Dazhi Jin

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  1. Yun Luo
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Luo, Y., Wang, H., Liang, J. et al. Population Structure and Multidrug Resistance of Non-O1/Non-O139 Vibrio cholerae in Freshwater Rivers in Zhejiang, China. Microb Ecol 82, 319–333 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-020-01645-z

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