Abstract
Microbial biofilms are multicellular communities of sessile microorganisms encased by the hydrated polymeric matrix. They have significant influences on both aquatic/terrestrial ecosystem and anthropogenic activities. Taking advantage of the governing features of selective stress (Tan and Ng in Water Res 42:1122–1132, 2008; Wei in Water Res 45:863–871, 2011; Dereli in Water Res 59C:11–22, 2014), the evenness of microbial communities in a membrane-centered mesocosm was successfully manipulated. By measuring the biofilm growing rates under different evenness levels of communities, an evenly distributed community favors the formation of biofilms was observed. This finding is not only a new evidence linking biofilm diversity to its functionality but also a clear suggestion on controlling a biofilm-based process via a simple and smart way.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.



References
Balvanera P, Kremen C, Martinez-Ramos M (2005) Applying community structure analysis to ecosystem function: examples from pollination and carbon storage. Ecol Appl 15:360–375
Battin TJ, Kaplan LA, Newbold JD, Hansen CME (2003) Contributions of microbial biofilms to ecosystem processes in stream mesocosms. Nature 426:439–442
Battin TJ, Besemer K, Bengtsson MM, Romani AM, Packmann AI (2016) The ecology and biogeochemistry of stream biofilms. Nat Rev Microbiol 14:251–263
Borisy GG, Valm AM, Welch JLM, Rieken CW, Hasegawa Y, Sogin ML et al (2011) Systems-level analysis of microbial community organization through combinatorial labeling and spectral imaging. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108:4152–4157
Dereli RK, Grelot A, Heffernan B, van der Zee FP, van Lier JB (2014) Implications of changes in solids retention time on long term evolution of sludge filterability in anaerobic membrane bioreactors treating high strength industrial wastewater. Water Res 59C:11–22
Dicksved J, Halfvarson J, Rosenquist M, Järnerot G, Tysk C, Apajalahti J et al (2008) Molecular analysis of the gut microbiota of identical twins with Crohn’s disease. ISME J 2:716–727
Ersahin ME, Tao Y, Ozgun H, Spanjers H, van Lier JB (2016) Characteristics and role of dynamic membrane layer in anaerobic membrane bioreactors. Biotechnol Bioeng 113:761–771
Feazel LM, Baumgartner LK, Peterson KL, Frank DN, Harris JK, Pace NR (2009) Opportunistic pathogens enriched in showerhead biofilms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:16393–16399
Fu Y, Li C, Lu S, Zhou W, Tang F, Xie XS et al (2015) Uniform and accurate single-cell sequencing based on emulsion whole-genome amplification. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 112:11923–11928
Hill MO (1973) Diversity and evenness: a unifying notation and its consequences. Ecology 54:427–432
Hsu SF, Buckley DH (2009) Evidence for the functional significance of diazotroph community structure in soil. ISME J 3:124–136
Humphries J, Xiong L, Liu J, Prindle A, Yuan F, Arjes HA et al (2017) Species-independent attraction to biofilms through electrical signaling. Cell 168:200–209
Iwase T, Uehara Y, Shinji H, Tajima A, Seo H, Takada K et al (2010) Staphylococcus epidermidis Esp inhibits Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation and nasal colonization. Nature 465:346–349
Jennings LK, Storek KM, Ledvina HE, Coulon C, Marmont LS, Sadovskaya I et al (2015) Pel is a cationic exopolysaccharide that cross-links extracellular DNA in the Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm matrix. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 112:11353–11358
Nadell CD, Drescher K, Foster KR (2016) Spatial structure, cooperation and competition in biofilms. Nat Rev Microbiol 14:589–600
Niederdorfer R, Peter H, Battin TJ (2016) Attached biofilms and suspended aggregates are distinct microbial lifestyles emanating from differing hydraulics. Nat Microbiol 1:16178
Pointing SB, Chan Y, Lacap DC, Lau MC, Jurgens JA, Farrell RL (2009) Highly specialized microbial diversity in hyper-arid polar desert. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:19964–19969
Shannon MA, Bohn PW, Elimelech M, Georgiadis JG, Marinas BJ, Mayes AM (2008) Science and technology for water purification in the coming decades. Nature 452:301–310
Tan TW, Ng HY (2008) Influence of mixed liquor recycle ratio and dissolved oxygen on performance of pre-denitrification submerged membrane bioreactors. Water Res 42:1122–1132
Wei CH, Huang X, Ben Aim R, Yamamoto K, Amy G (2011) Critical flux and chemical cleaning-in-place during the long-term operation of a pilot-scale submerged membrane bioreactor for municipal wastewater treatment. Water Res 45:863–871
Wittebolle L, Marzorati M, Clement L, Balloi A, Daffonchio D, Heylen K et al (2009) Initial community evenness favours functionality under selective stress. Nature 458:623–626
Funding
This research was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province (No. ZD201412) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21177033).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
D.G. designed the experiments. Y.F. performed the experiments. D.G., Y.T., Y.F., and H.L. analyzed the data. D.G. and Y.T. wrote the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gao, D., Tao, Y., Fu, Y. et al. Egalitarianism in Biofilms. Microb Ecol 76, 49–51 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-018-1173-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-018-1173-5
Keywords
- Biofouling
- Biofilm
- Microbial ecology
- Community evenness