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Volatile Emissions from an Epiphytic Fungus are Semiochemicals for Eusocial Wasps

  • Invertebrate Microbiology
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Abstract

Microbes are ubiquitous on plant surfaces. However, interactions between epiphytic microbes and arthropods are rarely considered as a factor that affects arthropod behaviors. Here, volatile emissions from an epiphytic fungus were investigated as semiochemical attractants for two eusocial wasps. The fungus Aureobasidium pullulans was isolated from apples, and the volatile compounds emitted by fungal colonies were quantified. The attractiveness of fungal colonies and fungal volatiles to social wasps (Vespula spp.) were experimentally tested in the field. Three important findings emerged: (1) traps baited with A. pullulans caught 2750 % more wasps on average than unbaited control traps; (2) the major headspace volatiles emitted by A. pullulans were 2-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, and 2-phenylethyl alcohol; and (3) a synthetic blend of fungal volatiles attracted 4,933 % more wasps on average than unbaited controls. Wasps were most attracted to 2-methyl-1-butanol. The primary wasp species attracted to fungal volatiles were the western yellowjacket (Vespula pensylvanica) and the German yellowjacket (V. germanica), and both species externally vectored A. pullulans. This is the first study to link microbial volatile emissions with eusocial wasp behaviors, and these experiments indicate that volatile compounds emitted by an epiphytic fungus can be responsible for wasp attraction. This work implicates epiphytic microbes as important components in the community ecology of some eusocial hymenopterans, and fungal emissions may signal suitable nutrient sources to foraging wasps. Our experiments are suggestive of a potential symbiosis, but additional studies are needed to determine if eusocial wasp–fungal associations are widespread, and whether these associations are incidental, facultative, or obligate.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank Camille Stevens-Rumann for assistance in sorting and identifying trap catches, and Laura Ignatia for assistance in identifying fungi. Karen London and Dong Cha provided pre-reviews and commentary for this manuscript. We are also grateful to three anonymous reviewers whose helpful comments improved the quality of this manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. USDA Agricultural Research Service, 5230 Konnowac Pass Road, Wapato, WA, 98951, USA

    Thomas Seth Davis & Peter J. Landolt

  2. Food Science and Technology, University of California–Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA

    Kyria Boundy-Mills

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  1. Thomas Seth Davis
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  2. Kyria Boundy-Mills
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  3. Peter J. Landolt
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Correspondence to Thomas Seth Davis.

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Davis, T.S., Boundy-Mills, K. & Landolt, P.J. Volatile Emissions from an Epiphytic Fungus are Semiochemicals for Eusocial Wasps. Microb Ecol 64, 1056–1063 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-012-0074-2

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