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Population Evidence of Cryptic Species and Geographical Structure in the Cosmopolitan Ectomycorrhizal Fungus, Tricholoma scalpturatum

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Abstract

Tricholoma scalpturatum is an ectomycorrhizal fungus that forms symbioses with roots of diverse trees and shrubs. It is commonly encountered in a wide range of habitats, across temperate ecosystems. A previous study has revealed a high genetic diversity at a local scale, and ruderal abilities. To examine genetic structure at a large geographical scale, a total of 164 basidiocarps were collected from 30 populations located in Western Europe, from Spain to Scandinavia. These samples were analyzed by three molecular methods with different levels of resolution: inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSRs), restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) in the rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS), and ITS sequence analysis. Considerable genetic variation was found, and the morphospecies was separated into two genetic groups that were distinct from each other. The ISSR data and the relatively low percentage value (96%) of shared sequence polymorphisms in the ITS between isolates from the two groups, strongly suggest cryptic species and long-lasting separation. No geographical exclusion was detected for these two widely distributed taxa. However, high estimates of population differentiation were observed in each group, including between populations less than a few kilometers apart. This result provides evidence for limited gene flow and/or founding effects. It also indicates that T. scalpturatum does not constitute a random mating population, and the hypothesis of endemism cannot be excluded for this cosmopolitan wind-dispersed fungus.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Dr. Darin Penneys and Dr. Wieland Meyer for critical review of the manuscript and Dr. Lounès Chikhi for advices and suggestions during the course of the project. We also gratefully acknowledge Dr. Pierre-Arthur Moreau, Jacques Fournier, Marie Fournier, and Pr. Guy Durrieu for assistance with collecting, Sophie Manzi and Nicolas Paoli for technical assistance in the molecular analysis. Funding for this research was provided by a MENRT grant “ACI Microbiologie” to M.G.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, UMR 5174 CNRS-UPS-ENFA, Bât. 4R3, Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse III, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse Cedex 9, France

    Fabian Carriconde, Monique Gardes, Patricia Jargeat, Bello Mouhamadou & Hervé Gryta

  2. HabitatVision, Skælskørvej 22, DK-4180 Sorø/Askedalsvej 3, DK-8410, Rønde, Denmark

    Jacob Heilmann-Clausen

  3. Laboratoire d’Ecologie Alpine, UMR 5553, Université Joseph Fourier, LECA Bât D Biologie, 2233 rue de la Piscine, 38041, Grenoble Cedex 9, France

    Bello Mouhamadou

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  1. Fabian Carriconde
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  2. Monique Gardes
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  3. Patricia Jargeat
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Correspondence to Fabian Carriconde.

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Carriconde, F., Gardes, M., Jargeat, P. et al. Population Evidence of Cryptic Species and Geographical Structure in the Cosmopolitan Ectomycorrhizal Fungus, Tricholoma scalpturatum . Microb Ecol 56, 513–524 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-008-9370-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-008-9370-2

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