Skip to main content

Major skull manifestations of skeletal dysplasias — pictorial essay

Abstract

Skeletal dysplasias are a large group of rare conditions with widely heterogeneous manifestations and a reputation for being diagnostically difficult. Involvement of the brain and craniovertebral junction are features familiar to the paediatric neuroradiologist. Involvement of the skull itself represents an area of overlap between the domains of the neuroradiologist and the skeletal dysplasia radiologist. In this pictorial essay, we review the principal skull manifestations of skeletal dysplasias as they present to the neuroradiologist.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13

References

  1. Bonafe L, Cormier-Daire V, Hall C et al (2015) Nosology and classification of genetics skeletal disorders: 2015 revision. Am J Med Genet A 167A:2869–2892

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Gaunt T, Mankad K, Calder A et al (2018) Abnormalities of the craniovertebral junction in the paediatric population: a novel biomechanical approach. Clin Radiol 73:839–854

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Morriss-Kay GM, Wilkie AO (2005) Growth of the normal skull vault and its alterations in craniosynostosis: insights from human genetics and experimental studies. J Anat 207:637–653

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Orchard PL, Fasth AL, Le Rademacher J et al (2015) Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for infantile osteopetrosis. Blood 126:270–276

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Haines SJ, Erickson DL, Wirtschafter JD (1998) Optic nerve decompression for osteopetrosis in early childhood. Neurosurgery 23:470–475

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Gelb BD, Shi GP, Chapman HA, Desnick RJ (1996) Pycnodysostosis, a lysosomal disease casused by cathepsin K deficiency. Science 273:1236–1238

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Sly WS, Whute MP, Sundaram V et al (1985) Carbonic anhydrase II deficiency in 12 families with the autosomal recessive syndrome of osteopetrosis with renal tubular acidosis and cerebral calcification. N Engl J Med 313:139–145

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Simpson MA, Hsu R, Keir LS et al (2007) Mutations in FAM20C are associated with lethal osteosclerotic bone dysplasia (Raine syndrome) highlighting a crucial molecule in bone development. Am J Hum Genet 81:906–912

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Guo L, Bertola DR, Takanohashi A et al (2019) Bi-allelic CSF1R mutations cause skeletal dysplasia of dysosteosclerosis-Pyle disease spectrum and degenerative encephalopathy with brain malformation. Am J Hum Genet 104:925–935

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Beighton PH, Hamersma H, Brunkow ME (2002, updated 2013). SOST-related Sclerosing bone dysplasias. In: Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA et al (eds). GeneReviews® [internet]. Seattle: University of Washington, Seattle. HYPERLINK. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1228/. Accessed July 2 2019

  11. Reichenberger E, Chen IP (2007, updated 2015) Craniometaphyseal dysplasia, autosomal dominant. In: Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA et al (eds) GeneReviews. University of Washington, Seattle. HYPERLINK. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1461/. Accessed 2 July 2019

  12. Robertson SP, Jenkins ZA, Morgan T et al (2006) Frontometaphyseal dysplasia: mutations in FLNA and phenotypic diversity. Am J Med Genet A 140A:1726–1736

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Sousa SB, Jenkins D, Chanudet E et al (2014) Gain-of-function mutations in the phosphatidylserine synthase 1 (PTDSS1) gene cause Lenz-Majewski syndrome. Nat Genet 46:70–76

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Perdu B, de Freitas F, Frints SG et al (2010) Osteopathia striata with cranial sclerosis owing to WTX gene defect. J Bone Miner Res 25:82–90

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Cremin B, Goodman H, Spranger J, Beighton P (1982) Wormian bones in osteogenesis imperfecta and other disorders. Skelet Radiol 8:35–38

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Cheung MS, Arponen H, Roughley P et al (2011) Cranial base abnormalities in osteogenesis imperfecta: phenotypic and genotypic determinants. J Bone Miner Res 26:405–413

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Machol K, Mendoza-Londono R, Lee B (2006, updated 2017) Cleidocranial dysplasia spectrum disorder. In: Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA et al (eds). GeneReviews. University of Washington, Seattle. HYPERLINK. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1513/. Accessed 2 July 2019

  18. Canalis E, Zanotti S (2016) Hajdu-Cheney syndrome, a disease associated with NOTCH2 mutations. Curr Osteoporos Rep 14:126–131

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Dabir T, Sills AM, Hall CM et al (2007) Cranio-osteoarthropathy in sibs. Clin Dysmorphol 16:197–201

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Robin NH, Falk MJ, Haldeman-Englert CR (1998, Updated 2011) FGFR-related craniosynostosis syndromes. In: Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA et al (eds) GeneReviews. University of Washington, Seattle. HYPERLINK Accessed 2 July 2019. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1455/

  21. Scott RH, Meaney C, Jenkins L et al (2014) The postnatal features of bent bone dysplasia-FGFR2 type. Clin Dysmorphol 23:8–11

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Nishimura G, Nagai T (1996) Radiographic findings in Shrpintzen-Goldberg syndrome. Pediatr Radiol 26:775–778

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Bottero L, Cinalli G, Labrune P et al (1997) Antley-Bixler syndrome. Description of two new cases and a review of the literature. Childs Nerv Syst 13:275–280

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Jenkins D, Seelow D, Jehee FS et al (2007) RAB23 mutations in Carpenter syndrome imply an unexpected role for hedgehog signaling in cranial-suture development and obesity. Am J Hum Genet 80:1162–1170

  25. Vakharia JD, Matlock K, Taylor HO et al (2018) Craniosynostosis as the presenting feature of x-linked hypophosphatemic rickets. Paediatrics 141:S515–S519

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Alistair D. Calder.

Ethics declarations

Conflicts of interest

Dr. Calder has received hospitality and honoraria from Sanofi-Genzyme and Biomarin for speaking at symposia. There are no further conflicts of interest.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Calder, A.D., Gaunt, T., Hickson, M. et al. Major skull manifestations of skeletal dysplasias — pictorial essay. Pediatr Radiol 50, 1658–1668 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00247-019-04473-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00247-019-04473-7

Keywords