References
VanDervoort K, Wiesen J, Frank R et al (2007) Urolithiasis in pediatric patients: a single center study of incidence, clinical presentation and outcome. J Urol 177:2300–2305
Coward RJ, Peters CJ, Duffy PG et al (2003) Epidemiology of paediatric renal stone disease in the UK. Arch Dis Child 88:962–965
DeFoor W, Asplin J, Jackson E et al (2006) Urinary metabolic evaluations in normal and stone forming children. J Urol 176:1793–1796
Cameron MA, Sakhaee K, Moe OW (2005) Nephrolithiasis in children. Pediatr Nephrol 20:1587–1592
Rizvi SA, Naqvi SA, Hussain Z et al (2002) Pediatric urolithiasis: developing nation perspectives. J Urol 168:1522–1525
Sternberg K, Greenfield SP, Williot P et al (2005) Pediatric stone disease: an evolving experience. J Urol 174:1711–1714 discussion 1714
Vieweg J, Teh C, Freed K et al (1998) Unenhanced helical computerized tomography for the evaluation of patients with acute flank pain. J Urol 160:679–684
Ulusan S, Koc Z, Tokmak N (2007) Accuracy of sonography for detecting renal stone: comparison with CT. J Clin Ultrasound 35:256–261
Palmer JS, Donaher ER, O'Riordan MA et al (2005) Diagnosis of pediatric urolithiasis: role of ultrasound and computerized tomography. J Urol 174:1413–1416
Ripolles T, Errando J, Agramunt M et al (2004) Ureteral colic: US versus CT. Abdom Imaging 29:263–266
Richmond J (2007) The CARI guidelines. Radiological diagnosis of kidney stones. Nephrology (Carlton) 12(Suppl 1):S34–36
Pepe P, Motta L, Pennisi M et al (2005) Functional evaluation of the urinary tract by color-Doppler ultrasonography (CDU) in 100 patients with renal colic. Eur J Radiol 53:131–135
Darge K (2005) Be aware and beware of the ‘twinkling sign’. Pediatr Radiol 35:351–352
Rahmouni A, Bargoin R, Herment A et al (1996) Color Doppler twinkling artifact in hyperechoic regions. Radiology 199:269–271
Kamaya A, Tuthill T, Rubin JM (2003) Twinkling artifact on color Doppler sonography: dependence on machine parameters and underlying cause. AJR 180:215–222
Paulson EK, Weaver C, Ho LM et al (2008) Conventional and reduced radiation dose of 16-MDCT for detection of nephrolithiasis and ureterolithiasis. AJR 190:151–157
Mulkens TH, Daineffe S, De Wijngaert R et al (2007) Urinary stone disease: comparison of standard-dose and low-dose with 4D MDCT tube current modulation. AJR 188:553–562
Schindera ST, Nelson RC, Toth TL et al (2008) Effect of patient size on radiation dose for abdominal MDCT with automatic tube current modulation: phantom study. AJR 190:W100–W105
Goske MJ, Applegate KE, Boylan J et al (2008) The ‘Image Gently’ campaign: increasing CT radiation dose awareness through a national education and awareness program. Pediatr Radiol 38:265–269
Amis ES Jr (1999) Epitaph for the urogram. Radiology 213:639–640
Becker JA, Pollack HM, McClennan BL (2001) Urography survives. Radiology 218:299–300
Shine S (2008) Urinary calculus: IVU vs. CT renal stone? A critically appraised topic. Abdom Imaging 33:41–43
Worster A, Preyra I, Weaver B et al (2002) The accuracy of noncontrast helical computed tomography versus intravenous pyelography in the diagnosis of suspected acute urolithiasis: a meta-analysis. Ann Emerg Med 40:280–286
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Dr Hiorns has declared that there are no conflicts of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hiorns, M.P. Imaging of urinary tract lithiasis: who, when and how?. Pediatr Radiol 38 (Suppl 3), 497–500 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00247-008-0847-4
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00247-008-0847-4