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Mechanisms of Trabecular Formation and Specification During Cardiogenesis

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Abstract

Trabecular morphogenesis is a key morphologic event during cardiogenesis and contributes to the formation of a competent ventricular wall. Lack of trabeculation results in embryonic lethality. The trabecular morphogenesis is a multistep process that includes, but is not limited to, trabecular initiation, proliferation/growth, specification, and compaction. Although a number of signaling molecules have been implicated in regulating trabeculation, the cellular processes underlying mammalian trabecular formation are not fully understood. Recent works show that the myocardium displays polarity, and oriented cell division (OCD) and directional migration of the cardiomyocytes in the monolayer myocardium are required for trabecular initiation and formation. Furthermore, perpendicular OCD is an extrinsic asymmetric cell division that contributes to trabecular specification, and is a mechanism that causes the trabecular cardiomyocytes to be distinct from the cardiomyocytes in compact zone. Once the coronary vasculature system starts to function in the embryonic heart, the trabeculae will coalesce with the compact zone to thicken the heart wall, and abnormal compaction will lead to left ventricular non-compaction (LVNC) and heart failure. There are many reviews about compaction and LVNC. In this review, we will focus on the roles of myocardial polarity and OCD in trabecular initiation, formation, and specification.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the Wu laboratory members for scientific discussion, and Dr. John Schwarz for critical reading.

Funding

This study was funded by American Heart Association [13SDG16920099] and by National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Grant [R01HL121700] to MW.

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  1. Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, 43 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY, 12208, USA

    Mingfu Wu

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Correspondence to Mingfu Wu.

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Wu, M. Mechanisms of Trabecular Formation and Specification During Cardiogenesis. Pediatr Cardiol 39, 1082–1089 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00246-018-1868-x

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